Horizontal Cylindrical Vessels

Graded bed filters. A conventional graded bed filter is usually a cylindrical vessel (horizontal or vertical) filled with about 3 ft of graded filter media. 

Horizontal Vessel, Vertical Leaf Filters. In a cylindrical vessel with a horizontal axis (Fig. 18), the vertical leaves can be arranged either laterally or longitudinally. The latter, less common, arrangement may be designed as the vertical vessel, vertical leaf filters but mounted horizontally. Its design is suitable for smaller duties and the leaves can be withdrawn individually through the opening end of the vessel. 

Horizontal Vessel, Horizontal Leaf Filters. These filters consist of a horizontal cylindrical vessel with an opening at one end (Fig. 19). A stack of rectangular horizontal trays is mounted inside the vessel the trays can usuaUy be withdrawn for cake discharge, either individuaUy or in the whole assembly. The latter case requires a suitable carriage. One alternative design aUows the tray assembly to be rotated through 90° so that the cake can faU off into the bottom part, designed in the shape of a hopper and fitted with a screw conveyor. 

Rod and ball mills are cylindrical vessels into which the ore, water, and steel balls or steel rods, called grinding media are charged. The vessels rotate on horizontal axes to cascade the ore and grinding media and thus grind the ore. Typical hall-mill sizes range from 2.5 m in diameter and 3 m in length, driven by a 187-kW motor, up to ca 5 m in diameter and 7 m in length with a 3000-kW drive. 

The blast wave from a cylindrical vessel is weakest along its axis. (See Figures 6.17 and 6.18.) Thus, the blast field is asymmetrical for a vessel placed horizontally. The method will only provide maximum values for a horizontal tank s parameters. 

A suspension uniformly dispersed in an upright cylindrical vessel at time t = 0 begins to settle immediately. If two horizontal planes, p and p2, are taken at depths hj and h2 below the upper surface (ht > h2), then, at time t, the mass of suspension remaining between Pi and p2 will be determined by (ht — h2)a, plus particles that have fallen thru p2 minus particles that have fallen thru pj, where a = mass per unit dearth of original suspension... 

Anchors, helical ribbons and screws, are generally used for high viscosity liquids. The anchor and ribbon are arranged with a close clearance at the vessel wall, whereas the helical screw has a smaller diameter and is often used inside a draft tube to promote fluid motion throughout the vessel. Helical ribbons or interrupted ribbons are often used in horizontally mounted cylindrical vessels. 

Figure 13.22. Horizontal cylindrical vessel on saddle supports...

Though saddles are the most commonly used support for horizontal cylindrical vessels, legs can be used for small vessels. A horizontal vessel will normally be supported at two cross-sections if more than two saddles are used the distribution of the loading is uncertain. 

Following smelting, the copper matte is fed into a converter. During this process the copper matte is poured into a horizontal cylindrical vessel (approximately 10 x 4 m) fitted with a row of... 

Usually, the geometry is determined by space limitations. Both horizontal and vertical cylindrical vessels are designed as pressure vessels and for pressures up to 50 to 75 psig. An LID ratio of 2 to 3 results in an economic design. 

Steel saddle supports for horizontal cylindrical vessels when they exceed 2 ft (0.6 m) height, measured at the center... 

Calculation methods are given here for cases (a) to (c). In section A3.4 below, references are given to a calculation method for case (d). The level swell calculation methods presented here use the drift flux correlations developed by DIERS[11. The DIERS correlations apply to a vertical cylindrical vessel, which is most often the case for chemical reactors. Modifications for horizontal cylindrical vessels are given by Sheppard[2,3]. 

Shell Stills. At the beginning of the period under review, large quantities of crude oil were processed in tower stills. These were cylindrical vessels 10 to 15 feet in diameter and about 40 feet long. The vessels were mounted horizontally and arranged so that a fire could be applied to the underside (10, 55). The stills were charged with crude oil and the appropriate fractions removed by distillation. The residue was then destructively distilled or coked. Heating was continued until the bottom of the still was at a dull red heat (55). 

The suspension of cut nitrocellulose fibres in water is transferred with the help of a pump into a boiler (poacher). This is a vertical (Fig. 160) or horizontal (Fig. 161) cylindrical vessel of 10-20 m3 capacity, constructed of sheet-metal, equipped with a stirrer and heated by direct steam injection. 

Horizontal cylindrical vessel one-half full. Required diameter and length of a horizontal cyclinder operating one-half full of water can be determined from Stokes Law as follows ... 

Stires developed analytical expressions that allowed adaptation of the horizontal basin design, described in the API manual, to a vertical cylindrical vessel (Fig. 1).J... 

In cylindrical vessels, the bulk rotation of the liquid is generally prevented by the installation of baffles, which are usually attached to the vessel wall by means of welded brackets (see Fig. la). When this is not possible, they are either attached to the cover (e.g., in enamel-coated vessels) or are made in the form of a basket with pressure-fitted rings, as shown in Fig. lb (e.g., glass vessels, wooden vats, etc.). Generally, fully effective baffling in a cylindrical vessel is achieved with four vertical baffles of width dT/10. However, in recent years novel approaches (e.g., horizontal baffles) have been investigated. The dead volume behind the baffles is reduced by using baffles of width dT/12 at a small clearance of dT/50 from the wall. 

A flow pattern characterized by the presence of vertical mean currents, with little or no vortex and no obvious rotational flow, also results in an unbaffled cylindrical vessel if a top-entering propeller is mounted off center and inclined to the vertical, or if a side-entering propeller is mounted horizontally near the tank bottom with its axis at a small angle to the radius. The exact positions required are critical if rotational flow is to be avoided, and Rushton (R12) and Oldshue (06) give details on these. 

A suspension uniformly dispersed in an upright cylindrical vessel at time t = 0 begins to settle immediately. If two horizontal planes. 

DTs are vertical, cylindrical vessels with a multitude of horizontal trays. The extracted material enters at the top and is supported by the tray. The material is mixed above each tray, and it is conveyed downward from tray to tray, by agitating sweeps anchored to a central rotating shaft. The heat for increasing meal temperature and evaporating the solvent is supplied by steam, introduced directly and indirectly into the meal via the trays. Figure 10a illustrates a typical Schumacher DT. 

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