Hierarchy abstraction

To summarize, in a culture that is less mindful and more deferential to hierarchy, abstracting is less informed by frontline experience and expertise and more informed by inputs that are colored by hierarchical dynamics such as uncertainty absorption, withholding bad news, and the fallacy of centrality (Westrum, 1982). 

From Table 3.26, more exactly, from residues analysis two reactivity hierarchies may be extracted by counting the increasing of the absolute residual values away from ideal no deviation case and compared with the input hierarchy abstracted from Table 3.24 (Putz et al., 2008) ... 

What is information It is the incorporeal abstraction of how corporeal substance is organized. What energy is to matter, information is to how matter is organized. It follows that there is not only a hierarchy of matter-forms and interactions (i.e. thought of as conduits of energy), but a hierarchy of information as well. As matter is to substance energy is to process and information is to pattern. A... 

The vertices and edges of a graph may be used to represent hierarchy in an organization. A graph may also serve as an abstraction of a flow chart in an industrial process. 

User-specified, temporal ordering of operational goals at higher levels of abstraction is propagated downwards in the hierarchy goals and is ultimately expressed as temporal ordering of primitive operations (see Section III,B). 

Sarkar (1998) distinguishes between abstract hierarchies and spatial hierarchies. 

Abstract This chapter gives an overview of the research on the self-assembly of amorphous block copolymers at different levels of hierarchy. Besides the influence of composition and topology on the morphologies of block copolymers with linear, cyclic and branched topologies blends of block copolymers with low molecular weight components, other polymers or block copolymers and nanoparticles will also be presented. 

A traditional approach to reuse might factor the design as follows. Because the display of different shapes varies with the kind of shapes, we design a shape hierarchy. The display method is abstracted on the superclass—because shapes display themselves differently— and each subclass provides its own implementation. 

Figure 11.6 illustrates this approach. Although this example focuses on a single class hierarchy, it extends to the set of collaborating abstract classes that are characteristic of frameworks. 

Abstract Establishing a hierarchy of rapidly converging, systematic approximations of... 

At the very top of Figure 12.15 is an abstract class Lsi. Lsi is the base class of all concrete Lsi classes—Parent ID, Compound ID and Sample ID. All of its methods are declared abstract. It defines common interfaces of the component and composite in the Lsi class hierarchy. Parent ID is the smallest possible unit and therefore is a component. Both Compound ID and Sample ID can have another type of Lsi as a component and therefore are composites. The source code of the abstract base class Lsi is as follows ... 

CompositeLsi is an abstract superclass of CompoundID and SamplelD classes. It is the abstract composite in the LSI class hierarchy ... 

Do researchers in your company feel that they can make a difference That their creativity matters In many situations, creative ideas are never voiced, because no one further up the hierarchy ever asks for them. When we conduct scientific idea competitions in research organizations, they typically surface several hundred new ideas, many of which are truly fresh and innovative. The difference is that researchers submit their abstracts on these occasions because they know that every idea will be carefully evaluated and that senior management is personally involved in the process. They know that their creativity can make a difference. 

We assume that the information collected from the hospitals can be organized in abstractions defining groups of objects that can be collectively referred to with a given name. Objects and groups thereof define a partial order that naturally introduces a hierarchy, where Oh contains objects obtained from hospital ht. 

Abstract The concept of total allowable error , investigated by Westgard and co-workers over a quarter of a century for use in laboratory medicine, comprises bias as well as random elements. Yet, to minimize diagnostic misclassifi-cations, it is necessary to have spatio-temporal comparability of results. This requires trueness obtained through metrological traceability based on a calibration hierarchy. Hereby, the result is associated with a final uncertainty of measurement purged of known... 

Biology and organic chemistry are replete with examples of self-assembly. Examples include lipid bilayers, the DNA duplex, proteins in their correctly folded forms, self-assembled monolayers, and crystals. In MESA, we extend ideas abstracted from molecular recognition - shape recognition, chirality, directional interactions, hierarchy of bonds, and hydrophobicity - to the mesoscale. 

The sort of hierarchy that Airy envisaged was institutionalized in the relations and operations of the sections of the British Association that dealt respectively with the more abstract and the more practical sciences. Morrell and Thackray describe the situation thus ... 

Various publications from the Chemical Abstracts Service can be nsed to find the name of a known ring system. The most comprehensive sonrce of ring system names is the Ring Systems Handbook (RSH). Entries are in ring analysis order, i.e., according to the following hierarchy of ring data ... 

The place of the chemical bond in this hierarchy of concepts must now be examined. It is a characteristic of a molecule which we abstract for further consideration. Where the molecule is well defined, its constituent bonds stand one remove further from experiment. We cannot study an isolated chemical bond. Whereas we can alter continuously the environment of a molecule in the gas phase simply by varying the temperature and pressure, and can extrapolate measurements so that they refer to isolated molecules, we can only change the environment of a bond discontinuously by studying it in different molecules. Where the molecule is not well defined, the bond may be more directly related to observation than is the molecule. This is so for some solid high polymers, where... 

The Task Level is where the formulation problemsolving activity takes place. The formulation process is driven via the generation of a hierarchy of tasks. A task represents some well-defined activity. The hierarchy has an indefinite number of task levels. Domain knowledge about the formulation application is distributed throughout the hierarchy, with more abstract knowledge represented towards the top of the hierarchy and more specific knowledge toward the bottom. 

Studies with oxides provide the basis for understanding the behaviour of soil. However, in order to apply this understanding in a testable way, we have to simplify and abstract the detailed models applied to oxides. In effect, we construct a hierarchy of models with the detailed models of oxides feeding a simplified version up to the next level. The assumptions involved are as follows. 

Information collected from a hierarchial level is more efficient than that collected from a more fundamental level. This is J. Ramsay s "molecular level information" observation (in this symposium s proceedings). This can also be stated in a different way ast "By searching an abstracted representation of a space, the comblnatorlmetrlcs can be reduced. The search of the abstract space is quicker because it is smaller single steps in the abstract space correspond to big steps in the ground search space."(5)... 

Complex Refinement Structures. Flowsheets are refined across various hierarchical abstraction levels and depicted in specific representation formats. In the context of the IMPROVE project, we are mainly interested in two of the three commonly used flowsheet variants the abstract flow diagram (AFD) and the process flow diagram (PFD). Thus, the flowsheet editor supports the full hierarchy of complex stepwise refinement operations from AFD to PFD and assures a set of consistency constrains in order to preserve their semantic correctness. 

To develop a representation of the work domain of chemical process design the introduced abstraction-decomposition space has been developed [117-119]. The announced abstraction hierarchy or functional means-ends dimension supports knowledge-based reasoning and decision making in terms of functional relationships among the information objects. Each level in the hierarchy represents the goals or ends for the functions of the level below and potential resources or means for the level above. In other words, the AH spans the gap between purpose and material form. 

We already discussed that the PPM should be structured into different layers, from application domain models to platform models (cf. Fig. 1.6). On every layer, there is a complete description of the product, i.e. the result of the design process overall configuration). Trivially, we find hierarchies on every layer. In top-down direction, from layer to layer, the number of details is growing. The model is transformed from layer to layer, from an explicit model to more implicit descriptions (code). The product is complemented by the associated design proce.s.s on every layer. Like the product, the process is hierarchically structured. An abstract process model is transformed into tool commands and corresponding code. 

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