Hierarchical principle

This principle is not applicable in biological psychiatry. One can and should not simply discard the possibility that a biological variable observed in a psychotic condition is linked to a concurrent depression or that one found in depression is in fact related to a comorbid anxiety disorder. The hierarchical principle is a deus ex machina that resolves the problem of comorbidity only in appearance. Comorbidity in itself is merely a descriptive, not an explanatory, term. The multiplicity of psychiatric disorders, as they are presently defined, in so many patients permits a variety of explanations (Van Praag 1996], and thus the term comorbidity conceals more than it discloses. 

Most psychiatric patients do not meet the criteria of one particular disorder as presently defined, but show signs and symptoms of a multitude of disorders, or rather they display a patchwork of parts of different disorders. This situation faces biological psychiatry with insurmountable problems in determining which of the disorders in a given patient is the behavioral correlate of a particular biological disturbance. The hierarchical principle as applied in the later DSM editions—albeit inconsistently— provides no more than an ostrich solution. The problems of comorbidity do not disappear by concealing them. 

Central to the chemistry-based approaches is the Hierarchical principle (Hawthorne 1985) which states ... 

Rule 11.5 (Hierarchical principle). When generating a chemical structure, the strongest bonds are formedfirst, followed by the others in decreasing order of their valence. 

The first step in any chemical approach to crystalline structure is to determine the short-range order, i.e. which atoms are bonded. The most convenient way of doing this is by means of the bond graph described in Section 2.5. In many cases all or most of the bond graph can be determined from first principles, since, except for the weakest bonds created in the post-crystallization stage, the bond graph is determined by the rules of chemistry, particularly the hierarchical principle (Rule 11.5), the valence matching principle (Rule 4.2), and the principle of maximum symmetry (Rule 3.1). 

The systematics of mineral structure have been explored using bond valences in a number of papers by Hawthorne (1985,19926 (review), 1994,1997) and Eby and Hawthorne (1993) who have applied the hierarchical principle (Rule 11.5)... 

However, thermodynamic forces are not sufficient to explain completely the behaviour of the systems discussed above. Kinetics, acting through hierarchical principles, is of primary importance too. Finally, molecular recognition is facilitated from a very large planar surface which simplifies the growth of species observed during the amplification process. 

Some papers fall short in the proper use of parameter estimation. It is not always appropriate to keep all the parameter estimates in the model because some terms might not be significant and should be ignored. On the other hand, some insignificant terms may be maintained in order to adhere to the hierarchical principle. The point is to carefully consider both sides of the issue. 

The structure of this book aims to emphasize the similarity of fuel cells of different types. Nowadays, when the number of publications on FC science and technology is growing at an alarming rate, the fuel cell community tends to separate into sub-domains interested in only one type of cell. In an attempt to counteract this unfortunate trend the book is structured according to the hierarchical principle (from catalyst layers to stacks), rather than according to the cell type. SOFC, PEFC and DMFC communities can learn a lot from each other. 

The hierarchic principle underlying the approach to a construction of a chemical name (parent, substituent, substituent-on-substituent, etc.) was the decisive factor in the design of the data format for effective name generation analysis. The data structure finally implemented has been built around the concept of an ordered binary tree. ... 

If one wants to know what children want, the simple solution is surely to ask them. However, schools have for so long worked under principles of benevolent patemahsm that the practice of asking children what they hke or dislike about their schooling does not come easily. Lip service is sometimes paid to the children s voice through the use of a school council, which in many schools has httle real impact on practice (see Gamer and Sandow, 1995). Indeed, so entrenched are the hierarchical principles under which many schools operate, that one could... 

In a modern constitutional democracy, laws are created via a hierarchical legislative process. You will find the principal legal principles laid down in a constitution, which derives its legitimacy directly from the will of the people and can only be amended via referendum. The constitution sets out your basic rights as an individual in the... 

A typical feature of expert systems that support frames is inheritance. Frames can be organized in a hierarchical structure. They can inherit properties (attributes) from frames that are higher in the hierarchy. The latter are therefore called parent frame and the former child frame. There are many varieties of the inheritance principle. Frames can have only one parent frame (simple inheritance) or may have multiple parent frames (multiple inheritance). All attributes can be inherited (full inheritance) or only a few, selected by the knowledge engineer, may be inherited (partial inheritance) by the child frames. An example of a simple inheritance organization of frames is shown in Table 43.1. The frame Organic Compound is the parent frame. The frames Ester and Acids are child frames of Organic Compound . A typical example of inheritance is instantiation. The frame Acetic acid is a child of Acids and, since no extra attributes are added, it is also an instantiation. 

Ihmels H, Otto D (2005) Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-Stranded DNA - General Principles and Recent Developments. 258 161-204 Iida H, Krische MJ (2007) Catalytic Reductive Coupling of Alkenes and Alkynes to Carbonyl Compounds and Imines Mediated by Hydrogen. 279 77-104 Imai H (2007) Self-Organized Formation of Hierarchical Structures. 270 43-72 Indelli MT, see Chiorboli C (2005) 257 63-102 Inoue Y, see Borovkov VV (2006) 265 89-146 Ishii A, Nakayama J (2005) Carbodithioic Acid Esters. 251 181-225 Ishii A, Nakayama J (2005) Carboselenothioic and Carbodiselenoic Acid Derivatives and Related Compounds. 251 227-246... 

Principles and types of modular series have been summarized in a book by Ferraris et al. (2004). A hierarchical classification of structure has been introduced as well as the application of modularity to structure description and modelling. The order/disorder theory has been presented as fundamental to developing a systematic theory of polytypism, dealing with structures based on both ordered and disordered stacking of one or more layers. The structures of a great number of compounds (minerals, complex oxides, salts, etc.) have been described and discussed. 

Due to Heisenberg s uncertainty and Pauli s exclusion principles, the properties of a multifermionic system correspond to fermions being grouped into shells and subshells. The shell structure of the one-particle energy spectrum generates so-called shell effects, at different hierarchical levels (nuclei, atoms, molecules, condensed matter) [1-3]. 

Following an introductory section on the historical background that has led to the development of RPC techniques as practiced today, the principles and theory of RPC will be discussed, incorporating the role of amino acid sequence and hierarchical structural effects that determine the outcome of the interaction of a peptide(s) with various types of nonpolar chromatographic surfaces. Subsequently, the influence of operating parameters such as the effects of different (1) surface morphologies or chemistries of nonpolar sorbents (2) concentrations of organic solvents, salts, or other mobile-phase additives (3) pH conditions or... 

This relation between emergent properties and properties of the basic components has been much debated in the literature. One school of thought claims that the properties of the higher hierarchic level are in principle not deducible from the components of the lower level. This is the so-called strong emergence or radical emergence, that demands, as formulated by Schroeder (1998) that ... 

Rouelle also retained in his organization the hierarchical concept found in the mechanical philosophy of chemistry, as well as in the writings of Becher and Stahl. In the increasing order of complexity, the categories of combination were element or principle as the simplest, mixt (made up of two elements), compound (made of a mixt plus another element), and supercompound (a combination of a compound with a mixt or another compound). As with the older alchemical tradition, the principles or elements could never be obtained in a pure or isolated state. Their presence had to be inferred from the properties of the mixts in which they were found. 

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