Properties emergent

Anderson P Wand Stein D 1987 Broken symmetry, emergent properties, dissipative structures, life Self-Organizing Systems ed F E Yates (New York Plenum) pp 445-57... 

The fundamental concept of AL is emergence, or the appearance of higher-level properties and behaviors of a system that - while obviously originating from the collective dynamics of that system s components - are neither to be found in nor are directly deducible from the lower-level properties of that system. Emergent properties are properties of the whole that are not possessed by any of the individual parts making up that whole an air molecule is not a tornado and a neuron is not conscious. 

Moreover, behaviors frequently arise that appear to involve some form of intelligent division of red and blue forces to deal with local firestorms and skirmishes, particularly those forces whose personalities have been evolved (via a genetic algorithm sec below) to perform a specific mission, It is important to point out that such behaviors are not hard-wired but rather an emergent property of a decentralized and nonlinear local dynamics, A small sampling of behaviors is shown below. 

Explore emergent properties and/or other novel behaviors arising from low-level rules (even combat doctrine if it is well encoded) Are there any universal patterns of combat behavior ... 

Just as artificial life seeks to aii.swer the question of whether life is really an emergent property of the organization of matter and is not just some unique embodiment of its substance, so too it might be said that the goal of finite physics is to see whether physics - what we call reality - is fundamentally a property of the organization of information rather than a unique embodiment of the interaction... 

Note that the dependence of the average absolute distance d on y/n is an emergent property that appears only when the results of a significant number of separate runs are collected and analyzed. A single run with one ingredient will not generally exhibit this phenomenon. The emergent dependence of d) on y/n does normally arise rather quickly, and the use of only 10 runs often shows a reasonable correspondence between these variables. 

S. Kauffinan, Emergent properties in random complex Automata. Physica D. 1984, 10, 145-156. 

The reader is encouraged to run this model and collect the average cluster size of amphiphile cells. Observing the run reveals a view of the emergent property known as micelle formation. Periodic halting of the run when these micelles are prominent will be of interest. Try a screen grab of several good examples. 

In summary, the alumina nanolayers formed by the high-temperature oxidation on NiAl alloy surfaces are structurally and chemically very different from the bulk-terminated surfaces of the various A1203 phases, and they thus provide very prototypical examples of oxide phases with novel emergent properties because of interfacial bonding and thickness confinement effects. 

One important point of disagreement among reductionists and antireductionists concerns emergent properties. The latter are properties possessed by a complex whole but not by its parts. Van Regenmortel lists a whole series of emergent properties. First on his list is the viscosity of water. Water is viscous, while individual molecules of water have no such property. The issue is which emergent properties can be explained in terms... 

Turning then to the biological world of interacting chemicals, we should be wise enough to pursue at first the same discipline as that which has led to a satisfactory understanding of chemistry. It is for this reason that the present-day reductive approach has to be followed but it can only yield very limited answers. Subsequently, we wish to understand the emergent property of these chemical systems which is life. Before we can understand such a property we need the following ... 

---