Herb extracts

The most popular natural antioxidants on the market are rosemary extracts and tocopherols. Natural antioxidants have several drawbacks which limit use. Tocopherols are not as effective ia vegetable fats and oils as they are ia animal fats. Herb extracts often impart undesirable colors or flavors ia the products where used. In addition, natural antioxidants cost considerably more than synthetic ones. Despite this, the pubHc s uncertainty of the safety of synthetic antioxidants continues to fuel the demand for natural ones (21). 

There are many additives in shampoos and conditioners that appear to be there mainly for marketing purposes. Honey, various herb extracts, and other compounds might add to the fragrance, but they are unlikely to have any other effects in the small concentrations used. Amino acids can act as conditioners, but the source of the amino acid is not important. Silk amino acids are essentially no different from soy amino acids. 

As is shown in Table 11.1, PLC is mainly used before the identification of isolated compounds with spectral methods such as NMR or IR. Figure 11.6 shows a densi-togram of PLC of Fumaria officinalis herb extract with marked fractions being isolated (Figure 11.6a) and analytical chromatogram of isolated fractions (Figure 11.6b). 

FIGURE 11.6 (a) Densitogram of PLC of Fumaria officinalis herb extract and (b) photocopy of isolated fractions (after spraying with Dragendorff s reagent). Numbers indicate isolated fractions. System silica/CHjClj + PrOH + AcOH (5 4 1). Plates double developed. 

FIGURE 11.20 Densitogram of alkaloid fraction from Fumaria officinalis herb extract chromatographed in system silica/PrOH -i- AcOH -i- CHjClj (4 1 5) (a) fraction introduced with applicator with evaporation of solvent (b) fraction introduced from the edge of the layer with the eluent distributor. 

FIGURE 11.23 Densitograms of Fumaria muralis herb extract chromatographed in system silica/PrOH + MeOH + AcOH + water + CHjClj (28 2 2 2 66). Plates double developed (a) plate scanned at 254 nm (b) plate scanned at 400 nm after spraying with Dragendorff s reagent. 

Flow rate and extraction time. No report was found for the effect of flow rate in the extraction of phytochemicals from herbs. Extractions at lower pressures and/or temperatures required prolonged time and large amounts of CO2 to achieve the same yield as reported for the extraction of caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine from mate tea leaves (Saldana and others 1999,2002a). 

Negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APC) low-energy collision activation mss spectrometry has also been employed for the characterization of flavonoids in extracts of fresh herbs. Besides the separation, quantitative determination and identification of flavonoids, the objective of the study was the comparison of the efficacy of the various detection systems in the analysis of flavonoids in herb extracts. Freeze-dried herbs (0.5g of chives, cress, dill, lovage, mint, oregano, parsley, rosemary, tarragon and thyme) were ground and extracted with 20 ml of 62.5 per cent aqueous methanol. After sedimentation the suspension was filtered and used for HPLC analyses. Separations were carried out in an... 

RETENTON TIME (TR) AND NAME OF THE FLAVONOIDS FOUND IN VARIOUS HERB EXTRACTS... 

As I loved him, I gathered all manner of herbs, extracted their salts, and distilled various medicines. But none of them seemed to do him the slightest good, and after six years I found that I had tried every possible vegetable substance, without any beneficial effect. 

Qi, S., Li, Y., Deng, Y., Cheng, Y, Chen, X., and Hu, Z., Simultaneous determination of bioactive flavone derivatives in Chinese herb extraction by capillary electrophoresis used different electrolyte systems—borate and ionic liquids, /. Chromatogr. A, 1109, 300-306,2006. 

Echinacea products provide an example of the large variation in manufactured products. The whole plant has been used for therapeutic purposes, but single-entity product can consist of E. purpurea herb extracts, combination... 

Kim, D. J., B. W. Ahn, B. S. Han, and H. Tsuda. 1997. Potential preventive effects of Chelidonium majis L. (Papaveraceae) herb extract on glandular stomach tumor development in rats treated with V-methyl-V -nitro-V nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and hypertonic sodium chloride. Cancer Lett. 112 203-208. 

The great success of this brand since its launch has led to the production of a wide range of other products based on the same concept of stimulation and improved alertness. These more complex drinks formulations can pose a significant analytical challenge. This is especially so if the product contains a mixture of herb extracts and there is a requirement to confirm that each one is present. 

Traditionally a tincture is an ambient temperature extract that is made with a high alcohol level in the extraction liquid, typically 60-70% or more. The herb/extract ratio is usually 1 part dried herb to 10 parts tincture, although a few tinctures were specified at stronger ratios (i.e. more herb) in the British Pharmaceutical Codex and British Pharmacopoeia. 

Figure 27.15 displays the results of potentiometric and photometric AOA determination of water and alcohol herb extracts with the use of 2.2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl stable radical. Correlation coefficients are 94% for water and 99% for alcohol extracts. 

Fig. 27.15. AOA of water (A) and alcohol (B) herb extracts obtained by photometric and potentiometric methods. Herb extracts samples (1) Haw (2) Juniper fetus (3) Acorus calamus rhizome (4) Dandelion roots (5) Oak bark.

In the past perfumes were made using flower and herb extracts and natural animal musk. These were very expensive and only used at special occasions. Nowadays perfume is 95 percent petrochemical substances (chemicals extracted from petroleum) and is much less expensive than the original rose water of yore, thus its use has become an everyday occurrence. Modern perfume can consist of hundreds of separate ingredients, and not all of these are tested for their effects upon health. Some ingredients could be toxic at certain dosage levels. Yet many still don t believe this, as if perfume is still just innocent natural extracts. 

Less powerful brands depend for their acceptance upon an observance of established traditions. To the extent that the perfuming of such brands deviates from prevailing traditions, the deviation must "make sense" to the consumer within the positioning of the brand. Thus the first shampoo in a given market that adopts a "natural herb extracts" claim should reflect this differentiation in its perfume, but the perfume should be in line with how consumers in that market might expect natural herb extracts to smell. 

Vahlensieck U, Hahn R, Winterhoff H et al. (1995) The effect of Chelidonium majus herb extract on choleresis in the isolated perfused rat liver. Planta Med 61 267-271... 

Assemblers of grocery store or food service convenience foods have the same general limitations. However, they also have access to natural cereal ingredients and herbs, herb extracts such as oils of rosemary, sage, and other materials in formulation that possess... 

Krishnakumar and Gordon (1996) estimated that the Western European market for feed/food antioxidant in 1995/1996 was split into approximately 50% synthetic antioxidants and 50% natural antioxidants, including vitamin C types, vitamin E types, carotenoids and spice extracts. The current legal status of herb extracts and other plant extracts is that of ingredients, but it can be assumed that extracts used as antioxidants are likely to be legislated as additives in the future. 

Example Formula for Italian Bitter Liqueur (38% v/v) Step 1 Italian Bitter Herbs Extract, 40% v/v... 

Example Formula for French Herbs Fiqueur (38% by vol) Step 1 French Herbs Extract Distillate, 40/65% v/v... 

Traditional Korean herbs. Extracts of the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Labiatae) have been widely used to relieve fever related to bacterial infection and inflammatory diseases in traditional Korean medicine and have been reported to be effective in brain diseases. Administration of Scutellaria baicalensis mitigated alterations of hippocampal MAPK signaling by chronic cerebral infusion and microglial activation by chronic LPS infusion. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, modification of monoamines, antiamyloid aggregation effect, and antioxidant activity have been reported to be induced by extracts of a few plants of... 

Essential oils , which are the actual volatile oil of the herb extracted in the laboratory, should not be taken internally. 

Fruit juices (w w/o fillers/additives) Gravy mixes Herb extracts Malt extract... 

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