Epitope-presentation

Virus infected plants Yield, timescale, mixed infections, epitope presentation systems Construct size limitations... 

Preclinical studies should address the potential toxicity due to inappropriate release of the conjugated toxin. Preclinical toxicology of monoclonal antibodies may not require extensive animal studies but should be examined for cross-reactivity with antigenic epitopes present on normal cells in vitro and for the presence of human or rodent vimses. Early clinical trial should involve biodistribution studies with radiolabelled material. 

Lafferty et al. (L7) described antibodies raised against Lp(a) that cross-react with plasminogen, most of which recognize an epitope present on kringle IV of apo(a). 

Table 9.1. Epitopes on pro-angiogenic vascnlar endothelinm that may differentiate between healthy and diseased vascnlatnre and therefore be snitable for drng targeting or diagnostic purposes. Target epitopes presented by molecules specific for tumour-associated basement membrane, extracelliiar matrix or non-endothelial cell components have not been included.

IgG responses in mice, suggesting that this VLP composed of HBsAg is an excellent system for epitope presentation and mucosal delivery. 

Two types of expression systems based on plant RNA viruses have been developed for production of immunogenic peptides and proteins in plants epitope presentation systems (short antigenic peptides fused to the CP that are displayed on the surface of assembled viral particles) and polypeptide expression systems (these systems express the whole unfused recombinant protein that accumulates within the plant). 

FIGURE 4.2 Schematic diagram of RNA virus expression vectors, (a) TMV as an epitope presentation system, and (b) a polypeptide presentation system. Dark diamonds represent foreign antigen/peptide. 

Uhde, K., Fischer, R., and Commandeur, U. (2005). Expression of multiple foreign epitopes presented as synthetic antigens on the surface of potato virus X particles. Arc/t. Virol. 150 327-340. 

Epitopes presented in constrained scaffolds may be prevented from optimal interactions with their target by local deleterious charge, hydrophobic, hydrophilic or steric interactions. Methods have, therefore, been developed which introduce hypervariability, not only into the highly variable epitopes but also into the framework which carries them. This has been achieved by the use of error-prone PCR or, more recently, in vivo hypermutation. Ouellette and Wright [100] in their review of PCR amplifiable DNA and RNA ligands,... 

All epitopes present in the antigenic universe also defined as example, paradigm a brief presentation or statement in most dictionaries. 

Exposure to a specific antigen causes clonal expansion of all B cells capable of reacting with the multiple epitopes present on the antigen. Thus, the immune response to the entire antigen results in the production of antibodies by several clones of B cells. The resultant mixture of antibodies present in the serum is called a polyclonal antibody. In addition, because an animal is naturally exposed to a host of other antigens in its environment, its serum also contains antibodies produced by clones specific for each of these antigens. Therefore a polyclonal antibody preparation obtained from an animal is a mixture of many distinct antibody classes, only some of which are specific for the antigen used in experimental immunization. 

However, for the purposes of epitope mapping, it is easiest to map epitopes present on the native protein that are resistant to denaturation, since these are easily identified and may consist of no more than a stretch of 4 10 amino acids that are in intimate contact with the antibody. I will be concentrating on this type of epitope. 

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