Heart disease causes

C03-0117. Heart disease causes 37% of the deaths in the United States. However, the death rate from heart disease has dropped significantly in recent years, partly because of the development of new drugs for heart therapy by chemists working in the pharmaceutical industry. One of these drugs is verapamil, used for the treatment of arrhythmia, angina, and h q)ertension. A tablet contains 120.0 mg of verapamil. Determine the following quantities (a) the molar mass of verapamil (b) the number of moles of verapamil in one tablet and (c) the number of nitrogen atoms in one tablet. 

Coronary heart disease A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH]... 

Abciximab is indicated in patients with heart disease caused by poor blood flow in the arteries of the heart (ischemic cardiac complications). It is also used in patients with unstable angina not responding to conventional treatment and for precutaneous coronary intervention. It can reduce the incidence of abrupt closure and restenosis... 

Dose Maintenance Pregnancy category Deficiency conditions Side effects Adverse reactions Contraindications 40-75 meg (high doses for males and lower doses for females) 40-75 meg (high doses for males and lower dose for females) A Heart disease Causes a garhelike odor from the skin and breath in large doses Disorders of nervous system and digestive system and loss of hair with doses >200 meg None known... 

In the United States, approximately 700,000 patients suffer from an initial AMI annually and another 500,000 from a recurrent AMI. Coronary heart disease causes 20% of all deaths in the United States and cardiovascular diseases up to 38.5%. About 1.7 million patients are hospitalized each year in the United States with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Historically, most deaths caused by ischemic heart disease were acute, but as our therapeutic abfiities have increased, the disease is slowly becoming a more chronic one. When deaths occur acutely, they are caused by either... 

Coronary heart disease caused one in five deaths in 2002 at average age of 65.8 and 70.4 for women (American Heart Association, 2005). 

Coronary heart disease A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary... 

Thallium-201 is a radioisotope used to determine whether a person has heart disease (caused by narrowing of the arteries to the heart). This isotope decays by electron capture and emits x rays and gamma rays, which can be nsed to obtain images similar to those obtained from technetium-99m (Figure 21.13). Thallium-201 injected into the blood binds particularly strongly to heart muscle. Diagnosis of heart disease depends on the fact that only tissue that receives sufficient blood flow binds thallium-201. When someone exercises strenuously, some part of the person s heart tissue may not receive sufficient blood because of narrowed arteries. These areas do not bind thallium-201 and show up on an image as dark spots. 

Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States, claims more lives each year than the next five leading causes of death combined (American Heart Association, 2003). Coronary heart disease caused more than one in every five American deaths in 2000 and required approximately 500,000 coronary artery bypass graft snrgeries (CABGs) that year. Bypass grafting is also used in the treatment of anenrysmal disease or trauma. 

Cholesterol is biosynthesized in the liver trans ported throughout the body to be used in a va riety of ways and returned to the liver where it serves as the biosynthetic precursor to other steroids But cholesterol is a lipid and isn t soluble in water How can it move through the blood if it doesn t dis solve in if The answer is that it doesn t dissolve but IS instead carried through the blood and tissues as part of a lipoprotein (lipid + protein = lipoprotein) The proteins that carry cholesterol from the liver are called low density lipoproteins or LDLs those that return it to the liver are the high-density lipoproteins or HDLs If too much cholesterol is being transported by LDL or too little by HDL the extra cholesterol builds up on the walls of the arteries caus mg atherosclerosis A thorough physical examination nowadays measures not only total cholesterol con centration but also the distribution between LDL and HDL cholesterol An elevated level of LDL cholesterol IS a risk factor for heart disease LDL cholesterol is bad cholesterol HDLs on the other hand remove excess cholesterol and are protective HDL cholesterol IS good cholesterol... 

There is a close correlation between myocardial infarctions and tachyarrhythmias, illustrated by the presence of complex ventricular arrhythmias among heart attack victims which are estimated to affect one-third of the survivors each year. Frequendy, the immediate cause of sudden death is ventricular fibrillation, an extreme arrhythmia that is difficult to detect or treat. In the majority of cases, victims have no prior indication of coronary heart disease. 

Cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy, or diseased heart muscle, may reach a point at which the heart can no longer function. It arises from a combination of factors, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and valve disease. Other problems, such as congestive heart failure, cause the interrelated heart—lung system to break down. Because the heart can no longer adequately pump, duid builds up in the lungs and other areas. 

In 1986, the FDA s Sugars Task Force assessed the impact of sugar consumption on human health and nutrition and concluded that sucrose is not an independent risk factor for heart disease, nor does it cause or contribute to the development of diabetes (62). Although diet is important after the onset of diabetes, sucrose can be well tolerated by insulin-dependent diabetics (63—65). 

Nowadays the one of the leading cause of death in industrial country is Heart Failure (HF). Under the pathological conditions (e.g., Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)) the changes in the enzymes activity and ultrastructure of tissue were obtained. The behavior of trace elements may reflect the activity of different types of enzymes. Pathological changes affects only small area of tissue, hence the amount of samples is strictly limited. Thereby, nondestructive multielemental method SRXRF allow to perfonu the analysis of mass samples in a few milligrams, to save the samples, to investigate the elemental distribution on the sample area. 

Several chemical compounds may cause inflammation or constriction of the blood vessel wall (vasoconstriction). Ergot alkaloids at high doses cause constriction and thickening of the vessel wall. Allylamine may also induce constriction of coronary arteries, thickening of their smooth muscle walls, and a disease state that corresponds to coronary heart disease. The culprit is a toxic reactive metabolite of allylamine, acrolein, that binds covalently to nucleophilic groups of proteins and nucleic acids in the cardiac myocytes. 

At typical indoor concentrations, COj is not thought to be a direct cause of adverse health effects however, COj is an easily-measured surrogate for other occupant-generated pollutants. Eye, nose, and throat irritation headaches lung cancer may contribute to heart disease buildup of fluid in the middle ear increased severity and frequency of asthma episodes decreased lung function. ETS is also a source of odor and irritation complaints. 

Tetanus is a disease caused by the release of neurotoxins from the anaerobic, spore-forming rod Clostridium tetani. The clostridial protein, tetanus toxin, possesses a protease activity which selectively degrades the pre-synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, resulting in a block of glycine and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from presynaptic terminals. Consistent with the loss of neurogenic motor inhibition, symptoms of tetanus include muscular rigidity and hyperreflexia. The clinical course is characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, which first affect the masseter muscle and the muscles of the throat, neck and shoulders. Death occurs by respiratory failure or heart failure. 

About 4.5 million Americans have heart failure (HF). It is the most frequent cause of hospitalization for individuals older than 65 years. Some patients, with treatment, may lead nearly normal lives, whereas more than 50% of individuals with severe HF die each year. HF is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any number of cardiac or metabolic disorders such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, or hyperthyroidism. Any condition that impairs the ability of the ventricle to pump blood can lead to HF In HF, die heart... 

An arrhythmia may occur as a result of heart disease or from a disorder that affects cardiovascular function. Conditions such as emotional stress, hypoxia, and electrolyte imbalance also may trigger an arrhythmia An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a record of the electrical activity of the heart. Careful interpretation of the ECG along with a thorough physical assessment is necessary to determine the cause and type of arrhythmia The goal of antiarrhythmic drug therapy is to restore normal cardiac function and to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias. 

An increase in serum lipids is believed to contribute to or cause atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by deposits of fatty plaques on the inner walls of arteries. These deposits result in a narrowing of the lumen (inside diameter) of the artery and a decrease in blood supply to the area served by the artery. When these fatty deposits occur in the coronary arteries, the patient experiences coronary artery disease. Lowering blood cholesterol levels can arrest or reverse atherosclerosis in the vessels and can significantly decrease the incidence of heart disease. 

These drugp are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or to any constituents of the drug, after a recent myocardial infarction (heart attack), or in patients with thyrotoxicosis. When hypothyroidism is a cause or contributing factor to a myocardial infarction or heart disease, the physician may prescribe small doses of thyroid hormone... 

Togaviruses Rubella Spherical particles 70 nm in diameter, a tightly adherent envelope surrounds an icosahedral capsid Causes German measles in children. An infection contracted in the early stages of pregnancy can induce severe multiple congenital abnormalities, e.g. deafness, blindness, heart disease and mental retardation... 

Until recently, d-fenfiuramine was used to control appetite, in preference to d-amphetamine, because it has a lower affinity for the catecholamine transporter and so its uptake into noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons is much less than that of amphetamine. This is thought to explain why, at anorectic doses, this compound lacks the psychotropic effects and dependence-liability that are real problems with if-amphetamine. Unfortunately, despite this therapeutic advantage, this compound has had to be withdrawn from the clinic because of worries that it might cause primary pulmonary hypertension, valvular heart disease and even long-term neuropathy. 

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