Coronary heart disease cause

In the United States, approximately 700,000 patients suffer from an initial AMI annually and another 500,000 from a recurrent AMI. Coronary heart disease causes 20% of all deaths in the United States and cardiovascular diseases up to 38.5%. About 1.7 million patients are hospitalized each year in the United States with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Historically, most deaths caused by ischemic heart disease were acute, but as our therapeutic abfiities have increased, the disease is slowly becoming a more chronic one. When deaths occur acutely, they are caused by either... 

Coronary heart disease caused one in five deaths in 2002 at average age of 65.8 and 70.4 for women (American Heart Association, 2005). 

Cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in the United States, claims more lives each year than the next five leading causes of death combined (American Heart Association, 2003). Coronary heart disease caused more than one in every five American deaths in 2000 and required approximately 500,000 coronary artery bypass graft snrgeries (CABGs) that year. Bypass grafting is also used in the treatment of anenrysmal disease or trauma. 

There is a close correlation between myocardial infarctions and tachyarrhythmias, illustrated by the presence of complex ventricular arrhythmias among heart attack victims which are estimated to affect one-third of the survivors each year. Frequendy, the immediate cause of sudden death is ventricular fibrillation, an extreme arrhythmia that is difficult to detect or treat. In the majority of cases, victims have no prior indication of coronary heart disease. 

Several chemical compounds may cause inflammation or constriction of the blood vessel wall (vasoconstriction). Ergot alkaloids at high doses cause constriction and thickening of the vessel wall. Allylamine may also induce constriction of coronary arteries, thickening of their smooth muscle walls, and a disease state that corresponds to coronary heart disease. The culprit is a toxic reactive metabolite of allylamine, acrolein, that binds covalently to nucleophilic groups of proteins and nucleic acids in the cardiac myocytes. 

The plasma concentration of LP(a) has been measured in patients with RA and significantly increased levels have been reported (Rantapaa-Dahlqvist et al., 1991). Whilst the plasma concentration of cholesterol is lower in patients with RA than in normal controls the concentration of LP(a) is increased, whether or not the concentration is corrected for total lipids. Rantapaa-Dahlqvist et al. (1991) surest that LP(a) may be an important cause of coronary heart disease in patients with RA. 

P-blocker therapy was ineffective in preventing coronary heart disease, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality when compared to diuretics for elderly patients (60 years of age or greater) treated for primary hypertension. Clearly, the effects of P-blockers on blood pressure are complex and difficult to ascribe to one or two mechanisms. Rather, the varied effects of negative chronotropic and inotropic properties along with reduced renin levels (Fig. 2-3) appear to result in an overall reduction in cardiac output and/or reduction in peripheral resistance. 

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is also called coronary heart disease (CHD) or coronary artery disease. The term ischemic refers to a decreased supply of oxygenated blood, in this case to the heart muscle. Ischemic heart disease is caused by the narrowing of one or more of the major coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart, most commonly by atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerotic plaques may impede coronary blood flow to the extent that cardiac tissue distal to the site of the coronary artery narrowing is deprived of sufficient oxygen in the face of increased oxygen demand. Ischemic heart disease results from... 

The results were that income inequality was strongly associated with lack of social trust, and that states with high levels of social mistrust had higher age-adjusted rates of total mortality (level of social trust explained 18% of variance in total mortality, under their regression). Lower levels of social trust were associated with higher rates of most major causes of death, including coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular disease, unintentional injury, and infant mortality. 

On the other hand, per capita group membership was strongly inversely correlated with all-cause mortality. Level of group membership was also a predictor of coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and infant mortality. 

CVD is the number one cause of death in the United States, and prevention is at the top of the public health agenda (Retelny and others 2008). Evidence shows that reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease with diet is possible (Retelny and others 2008). 

From earlier times when it has first been established that ischemia and hypoxia are the potential causes of coronary heart disease and myocardial infraction [50,51], antioxidants... 

The oral estrogen-alone arm was stopped early after a mean of 7 years of follow-up. Estrogen-only therapy had no effect on coronary heart disease risk and caused no increase in breast cancer risk. 

Adverse effects of estrogen include nausea, headache, breast tenderness, and heavy bleeding. More serious adverse effects include increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thromboembolism, breast cancer, and gallbladder disease. Transdermal estrogen is less likely than oral estrogen to cause nausea, headache, breast tenderness, gallbladder disease, and deep vein thrombosis. 

Coronary heart disease A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH]... 

I Coronary heart disease can be caused by mutations in the LDL receptor (familial hypercholesterolemia), inherited cancer syndromes can result from mutations in ... 

Along with coronary heart disease, cancer is one of the major causes of death in developed countries and increasingly so in developing countries. At least one person in three in developed countries will develop cancer and one in four men and one in five women will die from it. The incidence of cancer increases with age, particularly above 45 years. Although the number of cases of cancer is expected to be more than 14 million worldwide by 2020, it is claimed that most cancers are avoidable because they are caused by unhealthy food, an unhealthy lifestyle and/or... 

Sumatriptan is a 5HT (serotonin) agonist indicated in the treatment of migraine. Sumatriptan causes vasoconstriction and must therefore be used with caution in patients with coronary heart disease, such as angina. Concurrent administration of the agonist, sumatriptan and antagonists, such as fluoxetine, which is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, leads to increased CNS toxicity. 

Toxicology. Carbon disulfide causes damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems and may accelerate the development of, or worsen, coronary heart disease. 

Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation 2004 110 1245-50. 

Coronary heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the industrialized world (Packer, 1992 Remme and Swedberg, 2001). Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is associated with an increased incidence of stroke and coronary heart disease. Other risk factors for cardiovascular disease include also high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. Although there have been many advances in treatment over the past several decades, less than a quarter of all hypertensive patients have their blood pressure adequately controlled with available therapies. 

Although development and clinical expression of coronary heart disease (CHD) are determined by the interaction of numerous risk factors, lowering blood cholesterol is the major approach to prevention and suppression of heart disease, the number one cause of death in Western society. The risk of CHD is directly proportional to blood cholesterol levels (Fig. 23.1), and a lowering of cholesterol, specihcally LDL cholesterol, deceases the incidence of heart attacks. 

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