Hazard, reduction

PTC has been effectively used to reduce the hazardous nature of overall processes whilst the elimination of hazardous reagents has not been achieved, the volume required has been reduced. In reaction 4.4 sodium cyanide is normally required in excess, so at the end of the process great care must be taken to separate it from the product and either destroy it or recover it. In the PTC system the NaCN is for all practical purposes confined to the aqueous layer which can be simply separated from the organic layer and reused in the next batch. 

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Melhem, G. A. (1993). "Hazard Reduction Benefits From Reduced Storage Temperature of Pressurized Liquids. Prevention and Control of Accidental Releases of Hazardous Gases, ed. V. M. Fthenakis, 411-37. New York Van Nostrand Reinhold. 

Each of the individual ADME components can be used independently or together to evaluate the influence of molecular modifications on hazard reduction. 

Whitman, R. V., et al. Feasibility of Regulatory Hazards Reduction in Existing Buildings in Northeast. Cambridge, MA Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1980. 

Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 1992. NEHRP Handbook for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. FEMA-172, Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series 49. 

EPA/HUD Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of 1992-42 U.S. Code 4852d Lead-Based Paint Poisoning and Prevention Act of 1992- 42 U.S. Code 4822 Yes Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, Title X U.S. Congress 1992b... 

Sustainability, hazard reduction, and protection of health and the environment remain great concerns for the process industries. Many of the raw materials used—especially those derived from oil, gas, and some plants and animals—have been and in some cases continue to be depleted at rates either large compared to known reserves or faster than replenishment. In addition, there is the desire for products, intermediates, solvents, catalysts, and other materials produced or selected for use in chemical manufacture to be as safe and nontoxic as possible during their use and to be recoverable or benignly degradable after their use. 

Linder, G. and M.E. Richmond. 1990. Feed aversion in small mammals as a potential source of hazard reduction for environmental chemicals agrichemical case studies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9 95-105. 

During the development of a new facility or process, or when introducing a new process into an existing facility for the first time, an inherent safety review can be conducted to understand the chemical reactivity hazards and explore hazard reduction alternatives. The review need not be limited to chemical reactivity hazards. It can be used to address all other types of process hazards at the same time, including flammability/ combustibility dust or mist explosibility elevated or reduced pressures or temperatures phase differences and health hazards such as toxicity, corrosivity, and asphyxiation. 

Blast resistant design, or the structural strengthening of buildings, is one of the measures an owner may employ to minimize the risk to people and facilities from the hazards of accidental explosions in a plant, Other mitigative or preventive measures, including siting (adequate spacing from potential explosion hazards) and hazard reduction (inventory and process controls, occupancy limitations, etc.), arc not covered in this report. 

The present procedure, which is based on those of Schumaker8 and Larsen and Lenoir,14 is simple and avoids the use of the troublesome and sometimes hazardous reduction of carbon disulfide with alkali metals. On several occasions a violent explosion has occurred in our laboratories during this reaction. 

Rat, R., and Isler, J. (1995) The static electricity hazards method for assessing pyrotechnics sensitivity and approach for hazard reduction. Proc. 26th Inti. Ann. 

Voutchkova, A.M., Ferris, L.A., Zimmerman, J.B. and Anastas, P.T. (2010) Toward molecular design for hazard reduction - fundamental relationships between chemcial properties and toxicity. Tetrahedron, 66, 1030-1039. 

This tool, the GreenScreen [21], is a screening method for chemicals that is designed to facilitate the movement of society and industry towards safer chemicals. The screen accomplishes this goal by focusing on hazard reduction and identifying chemicals that are less hazardous to human health and the environment. 

Towards Molecular Design for Hazard Reduction - Fundamental... 

The oxazolidin-2-ones 53 (R = H=CCH=CH2 or COEt) are obtained in a one-pot reaction of amino alcohol carbamates 52 with sodium hydroxide, followed by allyl bromide or propi-onyl chloride (94TL9533). A modified procedure for the preparation of chiral oxazolidin-2-ones 56 from a-amino acids 54, which avoids the hazardous reduction of the acids with borane and the intermediacy of water-soluble amino alcohols, is treatment of the methyl ester of the amino acid with ethyl chloro-formate to give 55, followed by reduction with sodium borohydride and thermal ring-closure of the resulting carbamate f95SC561). The 2-prop-ynylcarbamates 57 (R = Ts, Ac, Bz, Ph or allyl) cyclize to the methyleneoxazolidinones 58 under the influence of silver cyanate or copper(I) chloride/triethylamine (94BCJ2838). 

Early work in this area was carried out in 2001 by the UKAEA, and the Hazard Reduction Index illustrated the extent of hazard reduction to be achieved by UKAEA through their site strategies and plans. This work was shared with BNFL and other UK nuclear organisations in 2001, and since then BNFL and UKAEA have further developed the concept and published a proposed Waste Conversion Index (WCI) in September 2003. ... 

Stakeholders could gauge progress in hazard reduction for a given site. 

A core tenet within green chemistry is that hazard is another chemical property Just like boiling point, solubility, or color (P). Familiarity with the relationship between hazard reduction and molecular design, and identifying the... 

Risk reduction can be accomplished by reducing hazard, exposure or both. Synthetic chemists tasked with designing safer compounds focus on hazard reduction through molecular design. 

The fact that earthquakes may sometimes be preceded by geochemical anomalies was discovered at about the same time in Japan (Okabe, 1956) and the then USSR (Fursov, 1968). Earthquake prediction studies in Russia, Japan and China include extensive geochemical measurements. Chinese geochemical data are reported to have contributed, at least partly, to the successful prediction of several strong earthquakes (Allen et al., 1975). In contrast, the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program in the United States emphasises mainly geophysical data. 

Year OF Enactment/Amendments Toxic Substances Control Act, 1976 Asbestos Elazard Emergency Response Act Amendment, 1986 Radon Program Development Act Amendment, 1988 Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act Amendment, 1990 Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act Amendment, 1992... 

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