Earthquake Hazards

Federal Emergency Management Agency. June 1992. NEHRP Handbook for Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings. FEMA-172, Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series 49. 

Many valuable records regarding the Miyagi Offshore Earthquake will become important resources for designing measures against earthquake hazards in the future. 

The fact that earthquakes may sometimes be preceded by geochemical anomalies was discovered at about the same time in Japan (Okabe, 1956) and the then USSR (Fursov, 1968). Earthquake prediction studies in Russia, Japan and China include extensive geochemical measurements. Chinese geochemical data are reported to have contributed, at least partly, to the successful prediction of several strong earthquakes (Allen et al., 1975). In contrast, the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program in the United States emphasises mainly geophysical data. 

At any particular site, surface disposal (up to 1000 feet depth), and deep disposal (10,000-15,000 feet) should be considered. If present on the site, salt domes would be good disposal areas. Cavities can be made in salt either by solution or by mining. In general, no ground water movement occurs through salt, which is also plastic and therefore probably freer from earthquake hazards than most other minerals. 

Krinitzsky, E. L. (2003). How to combine deterministic and probabilistic methods for assessing earthquake hazards. Engineering Geology, 70, 157-163. doi 10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00269-7... 

Reiter, L. (1990). Earthquake hazard analysis - Issues and Insights. New York Columbia University Press. 

Passive linear and nonlinear isolation systems have been proved to be effective and practical to protect acceleration sensitive equipment from earthquake hazard peggio and De Angelis, 2011]. 

Alhan, C., Gavin, H.P.. Reliability of base isolation for the protection of critical equipment from earthquake hazards. Eng Struct 2005 27 1435-49. 

The regional earthquake hazard scenario can be probabilistic or deterministic. The variation of earthquake ground shaking parameters (peak ground accelerations, PGA and spectral accelerations, SA at T = 0.2 s and 1 s at the engineering bedrock outcrop) are determined independently within the investigated area for a specified level of exceedance probability or based on deterministic simulations. 

Figure 2 Variation of spectral accelerations at T = 0.2 s and Is obtained from probabilistic earthquake hazard assessment for NEHRP B/C boundary.

In order to evaluate the spectrum compatibility, the acceleration response spectra of the selected acceleration time histories scaled to average PGA for the area were calculated and compared with the lowest and highest NEHRP spectra obtained from the earthquake hazard study conducted for the area as shown in Figure 3. 

Erdik, M., Demircioglu, M., Sesetyan, K. Durukal, E. 2005. Assessment of earthquake hazard for Bakirkoy, Gemlik, Bandirma, Tekirdag and Korfez, WB MEER Project -A3 Component, Microzonation and Hazard Vulnerability Studies For Disaster Mitigation in Pilot Municipalities, Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. 

BSSC-Building Seismic Safety Council. 2001. NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for new buildings and other structures, 2000 Edition, Part 1 Provisions (FEMA 368), Ch. 4, Washington, D.C. 

Gluck, J., Ribakov, Y. (1999). Practical design of MDOF structures with supplemental viscous dampers using amplifying devices. International Conference on Earthquake Hazard and Risk in the Mediterranean Region, North Cyprus, October 18-22. 

The hazard for the site due to earthquake induced ground motion shall be assessed, with account taken of the seismotectonic characteristics of the region and specific site conditions. Various methods may be used to determine the earthquake hazard. The uncertainties in the methods shall be taken into consideration in deriving ground motion parameters for the design basis. 

Sen, Z. (2010b) Rapid visual earthquake hazard evaluation of existingbuildings by fuzzy. Expert Systems with Applications. 37 5653-5660... 

Know details ofemergency response plan. Minimize earthquake hazards in the lab. Know who to call when injured. 

Wyss M (2013) Lessons from the conviction of the L Aquila seven The standard probabilistic earthquake hazard and risk assessment is ineffective. Geophys Res Abs 15(EGU2013-3402). EGU General Assembly 2013... 

Lindell MK (1994) Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 12(3) 303-326 Lindell MK, Perry RW (2000) Household adjustment to earthquake hazard a review of research. Environ Behav 32 590-630 Osgood CE et al (1957) The measurement of meaning. University of Illinois Press, Urbana... 

Pilot projects on preferred land use management methods (e.g., development regulations, zoning earthquake hazard areas, floodway zoning and set-backs, fire zones) Short-term... 

The commentary to the 2003 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) Provisions (BSSC 2003) states that isolated... 

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