Reduction program

Institutional hai iiers. In an organization without a strong infrastructure to support pollution-prevention plans, waste-reduction programs will be difficult to implement. Similarly, if there is no mechanism in place to hold individuals accountable for their actions, the successful implementation of a pollution-prevention program will be limited. 

Potential tax incentives. In an effort to promote pollution prevention, taxes may eventually need to be levied to encourage waste generators to consider reduction programs. Conversely, tax breaks could be developed for corporations that utilize pollution-prevention methods to foster pollution prevention. 

Releases to Air. In April 1989, you conducted stack tests to determine air releases from the battery facility. The release data provided baseline data for a proposed 1990 air emission reduction program. The tests were performed using EPA Reference Method 12, which determines exhaust concentrations as total elemental lead, and EPA Reference Methods 1-4, which determine total exhaust volumes. Releases from all stacks and vents at the facility were measured, including those from the following release points ... 

The book begins with a discussion of the theories of error causation and then goes on to describe the various ways in which data can be collected, analyzed, and used to reduce the potential for error. Case studies are used to teach the methodology of error reduction in specific industry operations. Finally, the book concludes with a plan for a plant error reduction program and a discussion of how human factors principles impact on the process safety management system. 

Chapter 8, A Systematic Approach to the Management of Human Error, explains how the manager and safety professional can use human factors principles in the management of process safety. This chapter also provides a practical plan for a plant human error reduction program that will improve productivity and quality as well. 

The last area addressed by the systems approach is concerned with global issues involving the influence of organizational factors on human error. The major issues in this area are discussed in Chapter 2, Section 7. The two major perspectives that need to be considered as part of an error reduction program are the creation of an appropriate safety culture and the inclusion of human error reduction within safety management policies. 

As discussed earlier in this chapter, the main requirements to ensure an appropriate safety culture are similar to those which are advocated in quality management systems. These include active participation by the workforce in error and safety management initiatives, a blame-free culture which fosters the free flow of information, and an explicit policy which ensures that safety considerations will always be primary. In addition both operations and management staff need feedback which indicates that participation in error reduction programs has a real impact on the way in which the plant is operated and systems are designed. 

In subsequent sections the application of PIFs to various aspects of error reduction will be described. One of the most important of these applications is the use of comprehensive lists of PIFs as a means of auditing an existing plant to identify problem areas that will give rise to increased error potential. This is one aspect of the proactive approach to error reduction that forms a major theme of this book. This application of PIFs can be used by process workers as part of a participative error reduction program. This is an important feature of the human factors assessment methodology (HFAM) approach discussed in Section 2.7. 

These derivatives can be evaluated numerically, using a data reduction program, or analytically. 

Metal finishers are seeing their profits shrink as waste management costs increase. To control waste disposal costs, metal finishers must focus on developing and implementing a facility-wide waste reduction program. In other words, as discussed in Section 6.4, metal finishers must consciously seek out ways to decrease the volume of waste that they generate. 

It is interesting to trace the development of instrument automation over the relatively brief period of the past ten to fifteen years. Early in this period, a truly automated instrument was a rare and expensive item built around a costly dedicated minicomputer. Automated data collection and analysis from any instrument which was not automated at the factory was usually accomplished by digitizing the data and storing it on a transportable media such as paper tape. These data were then delivered and fed to a timeshare system of some sort on which the data reduction program ran and which printed a report and sometimes a plot of the data. Often a considerable time delay occured between the generation and the analysis of the data. The scientist was at the mercy of the computer elite who could implement his data logger and provide the necessary computer resources to analyze his data. The process was expensive, both in time and in money. 

The data reduction program can be driven interactively from the console terminal or in batch mode from a command file created by the customizing function on the auxiliary functions menu. 

Herzog, H., CO, sequestration. Proc. Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs and Technologies Symp., Dedham, MA, 2002. 

When X0, approaches zero, the term in the square brackets of Equation 2 approaches 1 or results in errors in the data reduction program because of Ao, in the numerator and/or denominator. Equation 2 needs some modification to be sensitive to CO in these cases. 

In Texas, TXU is making a 10 billion investment for future power needs by creating a new renewable company for the electric power needs of a growing Texas market. It plans to provide lower-cost, secure and stable power with new consumer and business service offerings, and a voluntary emissions reduction program. The new investments will provide more reliable electricity thereby reducing dependence on natural gas, as well as create jobs and lower emissions. 

Commonwealth Edison Company in Chicago offers its Least Cost Planning load reduction program. In this program, businesses agree to curtail or reduce their electricity consumption to prescribed limits when the utility requests it. They are compensated with a special electricity rate that is performance-based. The worst performance during any curtailment period becomes the base for electricity charges. 

Introduction of a risk-reduction program for hazardous chemicals... 

Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reduction Program 40 CFR Part 76... 

Otwinoski, Z. (1993). Oscillation data reduction program. In Data Collection and Processing, Sawyer, L., Isaacs, N. and Bailey, S., eds, pp. 56-62. Daresbury laboratory, SERC, Warrington, UK. 

Pfizer has also had solvent reduction programs for diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, hexane, and pentane, and these have all undergone either substantial reductions or in some cases total elimination. In the case of diisopropyl ether, which easily forms explosive peroxides, some journal editors will only accept papers using this solvent if a scientific justification for its usage is given, and this approach is to be applauded [7]. 

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