Earthquake prediction

Mogi, Kiyoo Earthquake Prediction Academic Press Tokyo, 1985 pp 133, 140, 208. 

Tributsch, H. Langner, P. translator. When the Snakes Awake Animals and Earthquake Prediction MIT Press Cambridge, MA, 1982 pp 143-154. 

The fact that earthquakes may sometimes be preceded by geochemical anomalies was discovered at about the same time in Japan (Okabe, 1956) and the then USSR (Fursov, 1968). Earthquake prediction studies in Russia, Japan and China include extensive geochemical measurements. Chinese geochemical data are reported to have contributed, at least partly, to the successful prediction of several strong earthquakes (Allen et al., 1975). In contrast, the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program in the United States emphasises mainly geophysical data. 

Investigations into these possible applications of helium surveys have been conducted in North America, the former USSR, Australia and northern Europe over the last three decades. Initial results were commonly quite encouraging, but further studies have demonstrated that their potential in mineral exploration is limited and there has been little research and few publications since about 1987. Nevertheless, applications in hydrocarbon exploration and earthquake prediction remain possible. Total He analysis is ineffective for dating groundwaters but He isotope ratios are routinely applied to distinguishing mantle-derived gases. In this chapter, the occurrence and properties of helium are briefly outlined, followed by a description of appropriate sampling and analytical techniques and reviews and assessments of the possible uses of helium surveys. 

Gas chromatographic procedures have been developed that permit the determination of He, H2, N2, Ar and CH4 (Sugisaki et al., 1982). The analysis is slow (about one sample per hour) and the sensitivity of about 1 ppm He at 5 ppm total He concentration is inadequate for soil gases and some waters, but the procedure is useful for studies in earthquake prediction and of thermal waters. 

The concentrations of He and other gaseous components of soil and overburden gases and waters varies over periods of hours, days or months. This variation has importance in interpreting survey data and, by recognising significance in the variations themselves, in earthquake prediction. 

King, C.Y., 1980b. Geochemical measurements pertinent to earthquake prediction. J. Geophys. Res., 85 3051. 

Melvin, J.D., Shapiro, M.H. and Copping, N.A., 1978. An automated radon-thoron monitor for earthquake prediction research. Nucl. Ins rum. and Methods, 153 239-251. 

Sugisaki, R., 1981. Deep seated gas emission induced by the Earth tide a basic observation for geochemical earthquake prediction. Science, 212 1264-1266. 

SiBSON, R.H. (1981) Fluid flow accompanying faulting field evidence and models. In Earthquake Prediction an International Review (Eds Simpson, D.W. Richards, P.G.), American Geophysical Union, Maurice Ewing Series, 4, 593-603. 

Sieh, K. (1981) A review of geological evidence for recurrence times of large earthquakes. In Earthquake Prediction, an International Review (Eds Ewing, M., Simpson, D. Richards, P.), pp. 209-216. Am. Geo-phys. Union, Washington, DC. 

In 2003, the geophysicist Vladimir Keilis-Borok, director of the International Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics in Moscow issued an alarm for an upcoming earthquake of magnitude 6.4 or greater within a 12.440 square miles area of southern California that includes portions of the eastern Mojave Desert, Coachella Valley, Imperial Valley (San Bernardino, Riverside and Imperial Counties) and east-... 

Panakkat, A. and Adeli, H. Recent efforts in earthquake prediction (1990-2007). Natural Hazards Review 9(2) (2008), 70-80. 

Lomnitz, C. 1994. Eundamentals of Earthquake Prediction. Wiley, New York. 

Mogi, K. 1985. Earthquake Prediction. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. 

Hough, S.E. 2010. Predicting the Unpredictable, the Tumultuous Science of Earthquake Prediction, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, p. 260. 

See also Applied Physics Communication Earthquake Prediction Music Technology Noise Control Pattern Recognition Speech Therapy and Phoniat-rics Telecommunications Ultrasonic Imaging. 

Stein, Ross S. Earthquake Conversation. Scientific American 288 (January, 2003) T2.-1Q. Active laults are responsive to even a small increase in stress that they acquire when there is a quake in a nearby bmlt. This may make earthquake prediction more accurate. 

Earthquake prediction is the act of determining in advance that an earthquake is likely to take place. The prediction must address four factors the time period during which the earthquake is expected to occur, the area that the earthquake is expected to... 

Most research related to earthquake prediction is centered in the United States, Russia, Japan, and China because these countries have experienced serious earthquakes in the past. Research includes laboratory and field studies of rock behavior before, during, and after earthquakes, as well as the monitoring of activity along major faults. Both government agencies and universities conduct this research. 

Government Agencies. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) plays a major role in earthquake studies and earthquake prediction for the United States. In addition to providing general information regarding earthquakes, it makes available data on the latest earthquakes in the United States and around... 

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