Hazard evaluation responsibility

Primary responsibility for hazards evaluation must reside with the line supervisor directly responsibile for the process. Although a variety of other groups may support and contribute to hazards evaluation, responsibility for the selection of tests, evaluation of hazards, and implementation of appropriate controls rests with the process supervisor. 

Laboratory rodents are the animal models most commonly used to identify hazards in reproductive toxicity. Rodents are used because they are small animals, the assay cost is moderate and there is a large database of toxicology information on these species (e.g., dose-response, metabolism, kinetics, etc.). The rat has proven to be a good model for human reproductive hazard evaluation (Francis et al., 1990). 

Chlorine Institute. Members of the Chlorine Institute are required to reaffirm their commitment to the Institute s safety pledge, including prevention of chlorine releases. The safety pledge also includes annual safety audits, annual emission and hazard evaluations of chlorine operations, periodic emergency-response test drills, and coordination with local officials for protection of the community (32) (see Alkaliand chlorine products). 

Dose—response relationships are useful for many purposes in particular, the following if a positive dose—response relationship exists, then this is good evidence that exposure to the material under test is causally related to the response the quantitative information obtained gives an indication of the spread of sensitivity of the population at risk, and hence influences hazard evaluation the data may allow assessments of no effects and minimum effects doses, and hence may be valuable in assessing hazard and by appropriate considerations of the dose—response data, it is possible to make quantitative comparisons and contrasts between materials or between species. 

Overall, the major premise for our approach is a directional orientation toward risk reduction. The evaluation procedure used follows a four-step process which considers first Hazard Identification second, Hazard Evaluation third, Risk Evaluation and fourth, Risk Response. To avoid any misunderstanding of terms, the combined activities of the first three steps can be considered as what is commonly referred to as making a "Risk Assessment." The fourth step, Risk Response, necessarily must follow when the process is used to make practical decisions. 

A better approach to resolve community concern is to move forward and follow the systematic procedure to first identify the hazard, evaluate its scope, assess the risks posed, and then develop an appropriate response. 

The selection and training of PSR team members must be carefully monitored. Most managers make this the responsibility of the standing PSMT, which also may assist a PSR team in choosing the most appropriate hazards evaluation method for a specific process. 

The dose-response assessment phase measures the hazards, which were identified in the hazard evaluation phase. It determines the relationship between dose and incidence of effects in humans. Two major extrapolations are normally required the first is from high experimental doses to low environmental doses, and the second is from animal to human doses. 

Exposure assessments may be conducted for one of four purposes hazard evaluation leading to appropriate control efforts, monitoring to ensure compliance with workplace standards, dose-response characterization within the context of epidemiological studies, and estimation of dose or uptake for risk assessments. Assessment strategies and measurement techniques will differ depending on the purpose at hand. 

The Project Manager is responsible for the implementation of the Process Safety Management (PSM) and Risk Management Programs (RMP) and must appoint a qualified hazard study leader to conduct hazards evaluations and insure that the results are incorporated into the Process Hazards Analysis and Review. 

The so-called Occupational Exposure Level (OEL) is a key parameter for people responsible for the safety issues in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. " The assessment and the application of the OEL are particularly important also for hazardous pharmaceuticals that are routinely handled within the pharmaceutical companies. There are different approaches to determine the OEL of a certain chemical and its relation to the handling/use of the substance. We are oriented to applying a tiered approach, which assesses all possible parameters that compose the hazard evaluation of a chemical substance. 

The discerning reader may have noticed that the contents of the chapters of this book match the steps of risk assessment. Hazard evaluation concerns the type of material presented in Chapters 3 through 8. Dose—response was treated in 9, and human exposure evaluation was briefly reviewed in Chapters 1 and 2. 

These three steps — hazard evaluation, dose-response evaluation, and human exposure evaluation - provide all that is necessary to... 

After this questionnaire is completed, copies of it, as well as the original Hazard Assessment Form, are sent to the individual members of the Hazard Review Team. It is at this time that the other members of the Team are made aware of the project and their respective responsibilities concerning it. The Hazard Evaluation Chemist is responsible for clarifying the degree of hazard involved with a particular operation or material. He carries out a series of tests which are dictated by the particular chemistry involved. 

The introduction of a reaction to the pilot plant often proceeds without determining the chemical hazards involved with the scale up process. The reasons for this vary. In cases where a hazards evaluation laboratory is not available, it is the responsibility of the development chemist to assure the safety of the reaction. The development chemist may not be familiar with hazard evaluation techniques, and the instrumentation used to evaluate a reaction for safety may not be readily available. 

The NRC document calls for hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. In an effort to place descriptive experimental toxicity results in a clearer perspective and place more emphasis on evaluation, this outline deviates slightly from the NRC document and calls for hazard evaluation, hazard extrapolation, exposure assessment and risk characterization. In addition, a few comments on risk acceptability are given. Exposure assessments have been adequately discussed elsewhere in this symposium and will be discussed here only as they relate to hazard identification, evaluation, extrapolation and risk characterization. 

Hazard evaluation is used here to mean examination and evaluation of the hazards (adverse effects) observed in toxicity studies, including reproductive, teratogenic, and general toxicity studies plus other pertinent data. Because of the complexities of the reproductive system as well as embryogenesis and maturation of the conceptus, hazard evaluations must go beyond the mere determination of statistical effects, no observed effect levels (NOELS), relationships between dose and response, dose and effects, and the determination of margins of safety. Most... 

Best-seller covering chemical hazard evaluation, warning labels, MSDSs, written hazard communication plans, workplace-specific training, and employer/employee responsibilities. 

The Department of Defense Appropriation Act of 2002 required the DOD to establish a program and protocol for the prioritization of sites containing munitions and explosives of concern (MEC), releases of hazardous substances, and CWM. Each of these aspects has a distinct scoring module within the Munitions Response Site Prioritization Protocol (MRSPP). These are titled the Explosives Hazard Evaluation (EHE), the Human Health Evaluation (HHE), and the Chemical Hazard Evaluation (CHE), respectively. The MRSPP was finalized through federal rulemaking on October 5,2005, under 32 CFR Part 179. Additional information on the prioritization protocol can be found onUne at http //www.denix.osd.mil. 

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