Hardware improvements

Similarly to administrative barriers, the hardware barriers for shutdown are less stringent than that for power operation. First, most of the systems are not designed for outages (and are required to be maintained typically during the outage), and secondly, the instrumentation and controls are focused on power operation and not on outages. 

Even before SPSA and other safety studies were performed, the issues related to lack of appropriate hardware became obvious. Some of the incidents and accidents during shutdown clearly pointed out to the inaccurate level measurement in reactors (which could lead to a vortex and loss of cooling) and to the temperature monitoring in the core (where, in one event, the water in the core heated up almost to the boiling point, which was not recognised in the control room, because the instrumentation was outside the core). 

The hardware improvement for shutdown operation is mostly related with the instrumentation and controls. Those include also the installation of various interlocks and similar, aimed at preventing events like draining of the reactor. Some isolated hardware improvements are related to specific line-ups or additional equipment needed to connect systems which could be used in emergencies (like connection for the well water to be used for the ultimate heat sink). 

Another area of hardware improvements is actually related with maintenance tools and equipment. In some cases the way the maintenance is done on major equipment could jeopardise the safety of an installation. To cope with this issue, the maintenance equipment is being redesigned to reduce the probability of specific occurrences (like cotter pin to prevent lifting of a recirculation pump). 

Hardware improvements are an important contributor to safety in low power and shutdown. While hardware improvements and additional equipment is clearly the best way to avoid some of the main problems related to shutdown operation (like water level measurement for mid loop operation) hardware improvement to be effective has to be combined with both administrative and procedural improvements. 

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Within various pharmaceutical laboratories (industrial and academic), the mul-tinuclear technique of solid state NMR has primarily been applied to the study of polymorphism at the qualitative and quantitative levels. Although the technique ideally lends itself to the structure determination of drug compounds in the solid state, it is anticipated that in the future, solid state NMR will become routinely used for method development and problem solving activities in the analytical/materials science/physical pharmacy area of the pharmaceutical sciences. During the past few years, an increasing number of publications have emerged in which solid state NMR has become an invaluable technique. With the continuing development of solid state NMR pulse sequences and hardware improvements (increased sensitivity), solid state NMR will provide a wealth of information for the physical characterization of pharmaceutical solids. 

The decision of which quantum mechanical model to use boils down to what size molecule you want to calculate, how reliable an answer you want, and how much time are you willing to wait for the results. Fortunately, as software and hardware improve, the tipping point of the balance weighing the pros and cons of semiempirical vs. DFT vs. ab initio is shifting such that larger molecules can be handled by the better methods. In special situations, a molecule with a couple of hundred atoms can be treated by an ab initio method (46,47), but the typical molecule of interest to theorists, spectrosco-pists, and physicists is smaller than what a pharmaceutical chemist usually wants to treat. Large molecular systems are often best left to one of the FF approaches (see next section). 

Hardware improvements being developed, but application is often not rapid. Sofeware improvements are available now through training. 

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been demonstrated as a well established technique for characterization of zeolites and other porous materials with respect to structure elucidation, pore architecture, catalytic behaviour and mobility properties. The latest progress in the development of NMR techniques, both with respect to software and hardware improvements, has contributed to the present state of the art for NMR within the field of characterization of zeolitic materials. Furthermore, the introduction of NMR imaging (110), two-dimensional quintuple-quantum NMR spectroscopy (111) and transfer of populations in double resonance (TRAPDOR) NMR (112,113) will extent the horizons of zeolite characterization science. As a final example, the Al => Si TEDOR experiment directly proves, for the first time, that silicon substitutes for phosphorous atoms in the framework of SAPO-37 (114). The Al... 

Smart Sensors False detections as a result of strong clutter signals are a major source of inefficiency in range clearance. Efforts should continue to develop data processing algorithms and sensor hardware improvements that will permit a hand-held unit, perhaps operating in conjunction with an onsite central data processing facility, to discriminate near-surface unexploded ordnance from clutter in near-real time. 

If one hopes to develop detailed, predictive models of plasmas, microscopic information such as electron-molecule collision probabilities clearly is needed. But why obtain that information from theory The short answer is that experimental data are often absent and—given the difficulty of the measurements and the paucity of research groups conducting them—in many cases are likely to remain so indefinitely. A longer answer would add that, as both theoretical methods and computer hardware improve, theory is, at least in some areas, becoming competitive with experiment in terms of accuracy and time to solution. 

Finding 21. The current lessons-leamed system is much better organized and user-friendly than the original system, and is actively used to retain past and current programmatic knowledge of operational and hardware improvements. 

Considering quantum chemistry in particular, hardware improvements have made it possible to tackle different classes of problems, posing a new set of challenges for parallel program developers. For instance, parallelization of... 

One way the belligerents could escalate was to improve their death technologies. Better bombers and better bomber defenses such as Window were hardware improvements so were the showers at the death camps efficiently pumped with the deadly fumigant Zyklon B. The bomber-stream system and allowance for creep-back were software improvements so were the schedules Adolf Eichmann devised that kept the trains running efficiently to the camps. 

Step lb (from 1994) complete design studies and hardware improvements. 

In parallel to these hardware improvements, normal, incidental and accidental procedures have been reviewed as a result of the following ... 

In this phase, hardware improvements (automatic makeup) have been implemented for initiators other than vortex (particularly LOCAs in shutdown conditions with primary circuit open). No major safety problem has been brought to light by EdF during this second step. 

Generally speaking, all these improvements lead to a significant reduction in the overall risk of core meltdown in cold shutdown conditions, and to uniform accident sequences and relatively moderate impact on long term accident phases. Specifically, the design of automatic makeup adequately reduces shutdown mode risks (aim of risk reduction linked to short term sequences achieved), and other preventive hardware improvements have proved to be adequate. However, discussions are currently taking place with the French safety authorities to definitively conclude this issue. 

Secondary and primary feed and bleed procedure analysis, including hardware improvements ... 

Lessons from a number of events during low power and cold shutdown show that deficiencies in the implementation process for new HI may lead to inadvertent events. The modifications may add new event initiators during shutdown modes. Plant personnel must pay adequate attention during implementation to integration of hardware improvements into operations. Each modification could change the frequency of initiators already known or create the possibility of a well known transient appearing unexpectedly, not described in the procedures. 

The following specific applications of the use of quadrupole ion trap instruments demonstrate clearly the power of this analytical tool. Software and hardware improvements have made the set-up and analysis of data extremely easy for users, even when performing different scanning functions in the same analysis. 

In summary, TDDFT enables reliable theoretical predictions of optical spectra, and many other properties, of large coordination compounds. In view of algorithmic and hardware improvements, and ongoing research to improve the xc functionals, the future prospects for TDDFT and its application to coordination chemistry seem bright. 

In well known application fields, different signal interpretation and hardware modifications allow deeper insight into processes and sample characteristics. Hardware improvements implicate an improved accuracy and repeatability. 

A redesign of the standard(Mk.l) injection unit barrel and was completed prior to the beginning of this program. The redesign, which included the construction of associated hardware, improves temperature control and reliability of operation of the Mk. 1 Molder. The reactivation of this molder involved reassembly, debugging and test molding using polyethylene. 

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