Software improved

Currently, the trend in process control is away from centrahzed process control and toward an increased number of small distributed-control or PLC systems. This trend will put emphasis on the evolution of the fieldbus controller and continued growth of the PC-based controller. Also, as hardware and software improves, the functionality of the controller will increase, and the supporting hardware will be physically smaller. Hence, the traditional lines between the DCS and the PLC will become less distinct as systems will be capable of supporting either function set. 

In 1971, the idea of 2D NMR spectroscopy was proposed by Jeener and later implemented by Aue, Bartholdi and Ernst, who published their work in 1976.47 The first experiments, carried out mostly in the liquid phase, have unambiguously proved that 2D NMR spectra provide more information about a molecule than ID NMR spectroscopy and are especially useful in determining the structure of molecules that are too complicated to work with using ID NMR. With the progress in the methodology and software improvement, three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) NMR experiments were gradually introduced into the laboratory practice. Such strategy, the so-called multi-dimensional (or ND) NMR spectroscopy, has found a number of spectacular applications in the structure analysis of natural products. 

We plan to implement a more up-to-date version of SECS at Merck, and (as discussed below) we are working to improve and expand the program s chemical knowledge. As the software improves, we expect SECS to gain increasing acceptance here as a research tool. 

One way the belligerents could escalate was to improve their death technologies. Better bombers and better bomber defenses such as Window were hardware improvements so were the showers at the death camps efficiently pumped with the deadly fumigant Zyklon B. The bomber-stream system and allowance for creep-back were software improvements so were the schedules Adolf Eichmann devised that kept the trains running efficiently to the camps. 

It is also good practice to compare the statistical forecast to a naive forecast. (The naive forecast is a simple technique where the forecast equals the volume of goods sold in the prior forecasting period.) Naive forecasts, in some situations, can be surprisingly difficult to beat, yet it is very important that the organizations ensure that software and a statistical modeler improve on the naive model. The focus needs to be on continuous improvement. If the software, modeler is not able to do this, it makes sense to implement better software, improve the skills of the modeler, or just use the naive model as a baseline forecast. 

In summary, the applications of TMDSC look quite different from those of DSC. Many important apphcations can only be solved by TMDSC. A good number of others are, however, still better, and sometimes only, solvable by DSC. Fortunately any TMDSC can also be run without modulation under DSC conditions. The development of TMDSC has also led to long-awaited progress in the hardware and software improvements of DSC as illustrated with Fig. 4.54 and Appendix 11. 

Zones on TLC plates can also be measured with a flatbed scanner. As with a CCD camera, chromatogram images are stored in digital form, and tracks and zones are detected and quantified with specialized software. Commercial office scanners can be used for naturally colored zones or colored zones produced by postchroma-tographic derivatization. Modified flatbed scanners have been described for use in quantification of fluorescent and fluorescence-quenched zones. As CCD cameras, flatbed scanners, and associated specialized software improve, quantification by image analysis will become increasingly competitive with slit scanners in the future. 

Both tomographic systems described have their limitations, especially on maximum flow rate. However, using powerful (but low-cost) DSP chips will facilitate much faster measurement and calculation. Software improvements, changing the protocol and timing of data capture will also greatly increase speed. In both cases, current limits to data acquisition sensitivity restricts the application areas of the technology e.g. in the pneumatic case, to dense phase but not sparse phase. 

Calibrating the sensor is currently quite a tedious procedure, but hardware and software improvements will facilitate this process. Overall accuracy, measured against the available reference norms is within a few percent. 

This approach leads to the identification of hardware or software improvements that address the specific requirements of the installation under consideration. Software improvements cover such issues as safety management systems, incident response procedures, training, quality, maintenance practices, alarm and trip testing, etc. Hardware improvements cover such issues as ventilation, gas detection, interlocks, control system, fuel system, protection systems, etc. 

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