Receptor neurons gustatory

Inoshita T, Tanimura T (2006) Cellular identification of water gustatory receptor neurons and their central projection pattern in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 1094-1099 Ishimoto H, Tanimura T (2004) Molecular neurophysiology of taste in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 61 10-18... 

Sanford, J. L., Shields, V. D. C., and Dickens, J. C. Gustatory receptor neuron responds to DEET and other insect repellents in the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Naturwissensdu en 100, 269-273 (2013). DOl 10.1007/S00114-013-1021-X. 

Y. Lee et al. Avoiding deet through insect gustatory receptors. Neuron 67, 555, 2010. 

It is interesting that the stimulus compounds used in the study differ widely in their molecular structures, and yet they all interact with antibodies to thaumatin. It is, therefore, probable that a single receptor-structure responds to all sweet stimuli,there being a variation in the relative effectiveness of sweet stimuli across individual nerve-fibers, and the characteristics of all receptor sites do not appear to be identical. Earlier elec-trophysiological studies of single primary, afferent taste-neurons uniformly agreed that individual fibers very often have multiple sensitivities, and that individual, gustatory receptors are part of the receptive field of more than one afferent fiber. " We have yet to learn how these interact, and the nature of their excitatory, or possible inhibitory, relations, or both. 

TM, seven transmembrane domain DOR, Drosophila odorant receptor EAG, electroantennogram GFP, green fluorescent protein GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor GR, gustatory receptor nsyb, neuronal synaptobrevin OR, odorant receptor OSN, olfactory sensory neuron PCR, polymerase chain reaction PN, projection neuron RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction SOG, subesophageal ganglion. 

Gerber, Stocker, Tanimura and Thum use Drosophila to elucidate the generation of behavior from olfactory and gustatory sensation. The functional anatomy of Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons is described both for mature flies and larvae, which emerge as simpler model system with fewer olfactory receptors and with attraction and repulsion as easily testable, behavioral outcomes. 

At present, the functional architecture of gustatory receptor gene expression, in particular for sweet and bitter, is being unravelled however, the functional configuration of these receptors as monomer, dimers or oligomers is not clear, and neither are their downstream intracellular signalling cascades, the transmitter used by their host sensory neurons and the precise connectivity of these cells to second-order intemeurons. 

The rate of electric impulses transmitted by a nerve fibre increases as the stimuli intensity does. When talking about gustatory receptors, this is accomplished by increasing the concentration of substances forming the flavour. It is worth mentioning that the information transmitted between neurons of different orders (from nucleus to thalamus, for example) is frequency encoded. 

Gustatory neurons have serpentine receptors that respond to tastants by altering [cAMP], which in turn changes Vm by gating ion channels. 

Taste transduaion is initiated when taste stimuli interact with exposed cells in the apical microvilli of the tongue. The receptor-ligand interaction leads to membrane depolarization and to activation of afferent gustatory neurons. The perception of the common human taste qualities— sweet, bitter, salty, and sour—has been assigned to groups of taste neurons. But a characteristic property of taste transduction is that the taste cells can also be stimulated directly without the intervention of receptors. 

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