Projection neuron

This is the case when the excitatory Dx receptors on these striatal GABAergic projection neurons are no longer activated since the transmitter dopamine is reduced (green broken arrows at 2). The indirect pathway is... 

Afferent input from cutaneous and visceral nociceptors is known to converge on spinal neurons, which accounts for the referral of pain between visceral and cutaneous structures (e.g. cardiac pain gets referred to the chest and left upper arm in patients suffering from angina pectoris). Projection neurons in the spinal dorsal horn project to cell nuclei in supraspinal areas such as the thalamus, brainstem and midbrain. Of these, the synaptic junctions in the thalamus play a very important role in the integration and modulation of spinal nociceptive and non-nociceptive inputs. Nociceptive inputs are finally conducted to the cortex where the sensation of pain is perceived (Fig. 1). The mechanisms via which the cortex processes nociceptive inputs are only poorly understood. 

EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINE ON TERMINAL EXCITABILITY OF STRIATONIGRAL PROJECTION NEURONS IN BEHAVING RATS... 

Ryan, L.J. Young, S.J. Segal, D.S. and Groves, P.M. Antidromieally-identified striatonigral projection neurons in the ehronieally-implanted, behaving rat Relations of cell firing to amphetamine-indueed behaviors. Behav Neurosci, in press. 

Bulfone A., Wang F., Pevner R., Anderson S., et al. (1998). An olfactory sensory map develops in the absence of normal projection neurons or GABAergic intemeurons. Neuron 21, 1273-1282. 

Bayer, L., Eggermann, E., Saint-Mleux, B. et al. (2002). Selective action of orexin (hypocretin) on nonspecific thalamocortical projection neurons. J. Neurosci. 22, 7835-9. 

Muscarinic and dopaminergic pathways in the CNS interact in control of numerous pathways implicated in diseases, especially those controlling involuntary motor systems. Muscarinic effects on dopamine release are mediated in several ways via different mAChR subtypes. Thus mAChR facilitation of DA release appears to involve M4 receptors on GABA projection neurons to the striatum, while M3 receptors on striatal DA neurons are predicted to inhibit striatal DA release [12],... 

Reiner, A., Albin, R. L., Anderson, K. D. et al. Differential loss of striatal projection neurons in Huntington disease. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85 5733-5737,1988. 

With very few exceptions, the neurons in the medial, lateral, and anterior cell groups of the AL fall into two main classes (19,65,67,72,73). Projection neurons (PNs or output neurons) have dendritic arborizations in the AL neuropil and axons that project out of the AL, and local... 

PA PB diet Ph-I==0 PN FPIase pyrrolizidine alkaloid pinto bean-based diet iodosylbenzene projection neuron peptidylprolyl isomerase... 

Fig-1 Schematic view of the overall olfactory processing in insects. Pheromones and other semiochemicals are detected by specialized sensilla on the antennae, where the chemical signal is transduced into nervous activity. The olfactory receptor neurons in the semiochemi-cal-detecting sensilla are connected directly to the antennal lobe. Here the semiochemical-derived electrical signals are processed and sent out (through projection neurons) to the protocerebrum. Olfactory information is then integrated with other stimulus modalities, a decision is made, and the motor system is told what to do... 

A5 and C primarily project to lamina II and V of the dorsal horn, where they synapse onto local interneurons or directly onto upward-projecting neurons (figure 8.1). These primary afferents release a number of neurotransmitters to relay pain, including glutamate, aspartate, substance P, neurokinin A and B, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (table 8.1). NMDA, non-NMDA and neurokinin receptors are involved in re-... 

Pertovaara A, Tukeva T. (1990). Cocaine effect on spinal projection neurons in the rat. Brain Res Bull. 25(1) 1-6. 

The enkephalins, derived from pro-enkephalin, are distributed much more widely in the CNS both in local circuit neurons and projection neurons, a distribution generally paralleling to that of the opiate receptors. Leu-enkephalin predominates over Met-enkephalin and both peptides are inhibitory. Enkephalin containing neurons are sparsely distributed in upper lay-... 

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