Kyoto protocol, greenhouse gas

Protocol. In 1997, prior to President Clinton s acceptance of the Kyoto Protocol, U.S. Senate Resolution 98, the Byrd-Hcgcl resolution, which was passed by a vote of ninety-five to zero, imposes specific requirements that must be met before the Kyoto Protocol can be ratified. The resolution calls for a specific timeline and commitments by developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and evidence that adoption of the Kyoto Protocol would not result in serious harm to the U.S. economy. In addition, the Fifth Conference of the Parties (1999) failed to resolve numerous outstanding issues held over from the previous conference, and put off critical decision making until the Sixth Conference of the Parties in The Ffague, Netherlands, in November 2000. 

The Canadian government believes that carbon gas storage will help the country meet its emissions reduction targets under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. It requires industrialized nations to cut emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5% between 2008 and 2012. 

Since 1992, more commercial wind farms have been installed than ever before with 40,000 turbines in 40 countries. Wind energy capacity is growing at almost 30% annually. By 1998, it reached 10,000 megawatts (MW), which can supply a country the size of Denmark and the wind power industry had sales of 2 billion with 35,000 jobs worldwide. The prime movers were an increasing environmental awareness and commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions made under the Kyoto Protocol of 1997. 

Parson E.A. and Fisher-Vanden K. (1999). Joint implementation of greenhouse gas abatement under the Kyoto Protocol s Clean Development Mechanism Its Scope and Limits. 

The Kyoto protocol had identified the development of an alternative biofuel from biomass as one of several areas deserving of research support, since this type of renewable fuel could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The use of bioethanol as a viable motor fuel to replace or augment gasoline is an attractive component of an integrated strategy to reduce the release of detrimental hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and aromatics (2-3). 

NatureWorks PLA claims to be the world s first greenhouse-gas-neutral polymer. This factor is important for European customers whereby NatureWorks PLA could assist them to achieve compliance with the greenhouse-gas-emission reduction requirements of the Kyoto Protocol that came into effect in February 2005. 

Biomass and residue ( waste ) based energy currently contributes to about 3% of the primary energy consumption in the European Union (EU). This share will have to be tripled within the next decade to fulfil the EU objective of 8.5% energy from biomass and residues in 2010. It is also a prerequisite to enable a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as documented in the Kyoto-protocol. 

CEPA is also the preferred legislation that Canada will use to enforce regulations to meet its commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol. 

The Stockholm Convention to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs) became binding on May 17, 2004. POPs tend to be toxic, persistent, accumulative, and capable of traveling long distances in the environment. This Convention seeks to eliminate or restrict the production and use of such chemicals. The Kyoto Protocol, designed to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, has now become an international law, despite the resistance of several countries. 

In this context, pressures to implement greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation measures have had a top-down character in that they originated from international agreements, the Kyoto Protocol, and the EU Directive on Emissions Trading. 

Poland signed the Climate Convention on 26 July 1994 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 13 December 2002, making the commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 6% within the period 2008-2012 compared to the 1988 emissions. These decisions were taken in Poland after a lot of hesitation and discussions, which often expressed fears as to whether the policy of reducing CO2 emission would impose too much burden on Poland, because of the heavy domination of coal in its fuel consumption. Many concerns were expressed regarding the introduction of a coal tax , which at that time was expected to be the most realistic instrument of coal emission control. However, the political will to support the efforts of the international community on climate protection prevailed. 

European Community 2004. Directive 2004/01/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 amending Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community, in respect of the Kyoto Protocol s project mechanisms , OJ L 338, 18, 13 November 2004. 

Industrialised countries that, as parties to the UNFCCC, have pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2000 to f 990 levels as per Article 4.2 of the Kyoto Protocol are listed in Annex I. Annex I Parties consist of countries belonging to the OECD, the Economies-in-Transition and Turkey Saving emission permits for future use in anticipation that these will accrue value over time... 

Kyoto Protocol on greenhouse gas emissions First ACCA coordinated European environmental report awards VROM, Netherlands makes environmental reporting mandatory UK government pushes environmental reporting for large companies EPA, USA finalises Cluster Rules... 

Under the Kyoto Protocol, the EU has agreed to an 8% reduction in its greenhouse gas emissions by 2008-2012, compared to the base year 1990. The reductions for each of the EU-15 countries have been agreed under the so-called EU Burden sharing agreement, which allows some countries to increase emissions, provided these are offset by reductions in other Member States. 

The Framework Convention was only a first step toward international control and management of greenhouse gas emissions. Its Article 4, Paragraph 2(d), mandated a review of the adequacy of the measures that had been taken so far at the first Conference of Parties. At this Conference the parties decided that the commitments were inadequate to meet the Convention s ultimate objective. In consecptence thereof, it was decided that it was necessary to strengthen the commitments of the Framework Convention through a protocol—the Kyoto Protocol. 

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