Biomass biofuels from

Less than Table 5 value of 2.954 EJ for the United States because does not include biofuels from biomass. 

In spite of significant problems, many are optimistic about the role of biomass for alternative fuels in the future. The U.S. Department of Energy believes that biofuels from nonfood crops and MSW could potentially cut U.S. oil imports by 15 to 20%. Ethanol industry members believe that the capacity for producing that fuel alone could be doubled in a few years and tripled in five years. 

Oil becomes scarce by 2040, but more efficient vehicles using liquid biofuels from biomass farms solve this problem with some help from super clean diesel fuel made from natural gas. 

The potential of biomass to make a large contribution towards replacing conventional fuels is constrained by land availability and competition with other end-use sectors. In particular, the potential for oil seeds to generate FAME is limited. Generally, yields of biofuels from purpose-grown crops depend on the species, soil type and climate.22 At a global level, it is estimated that biofuels could substitute up... 

Biomass, both from residues/wastes and dedicated crops, can be converted not only into bioenergy (electricity, heat) and biofuels for transport but also into bulk chemicals or materials that are nearly equivalent to, or sometimes even better than, those derived from fossil hydrocarbons. 

Efficient technology could also be developed based on catalytic biomass pyrolysis for the conversion of biomass into clean and renewable liquid bio-oil. This would facilitate its introduction into the energy market as a renewable fuel or as source of high value chemicals. It is possible to produce stable liquid biofuels from biomass flash pyrolysis, in a single stage catalytic process, although further developments are necessary. 

We examine some common principles of green chemistry in Section 16.2. Raw materials including recycling are discussed in Sections 16.3, and 16.4 reviews biomass conversion technologies. Sections 16.5 through 16.7 discuss the sense and nonsense of green chemistry and biofuels from various perspectives. 

The Kyoto protocol had identified the development of an alternative biofuel from biomass as one of several areas deserving of research support, since this type of renewable fuel could help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The use of bioethanol as a viable motor fuel to replace or augment gasoline is an attractive component of an integrated strategy to reduce the release of detrimental hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and aromatics (2-3). 

Van Haveren J, Scott EL, Sanders J. Bulk chemicals from biomass. Biofuels Bioprod Bioref. 2008 2 41-57. 

One can envisage the future production of liquid fuels and commodity chemicals in a biorefinery Biomass is first subjected to extraction to remove waxes and essential oils. Various options are possible for conversion of the remaining biofeedstock, which consists primarily of lignocellulose. It can be converted to synthesis gas (CO + H2) by gasification, for example, and subsequently to methanol. Alternatively, it can be subjected to hydrothermal upgrading (HTU), affording liquid biofuels from which known transport fuels and bulk chemicals can be produced. An appealing option is bioconversion to ethanol by fermentation. The ethanol can be used directly as a liquid fuel and/or converted to ethylene as a base chemical. Such a hiorefinery is depicted in Fig. 8.1. 

Like coal, indigenous first-generation biofuels from Europe are not competitive with the products of large foreign producers. For second-generation technologies, the biomass resources shown in Table 12.5 can be rich sources of either classical biofuels or hydrogen production. 

Shen L, WorreU E, Patel M (2010) Present and future development in plastics from biomass. Biofuels, Bioprod Bioreflning 4 25-40... 

Haveren, J., Scott, E.L. and Sanders, J. (2008) Bulk chemicals from biomass. Biofuels, Biopioducts and Biorefining, 2 (1), 41-57. 

Efremenko EN, Nikolskaya AB, Lyagin IV, Senko OV, Makhlis TA, Stepanov NA, Maslova OV, Mamedova F, Varfolomeev SD (2012) Production of biofuels from pretreated microalgae biomass by anaerobic fermentation with immobilized Clostridium acetobutylicum cells. Bioresour Technol 114 342-348... 

Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2007- London BioMed Central Ltd. (1754-6834). Online http // www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/. An open access online journal publishing research on advances in the production of biofuels from biomass, including development of plants for biofuels production, plant deconstruction, pretreatment and fractionation, enzyme production and enzymatic conversion, and fermentation and bioconversion. 

---