Clean development mechanism

Some authors argue that the basic approach underlying emission reduction credit systems like the Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) can be extended to create linkage opportunities in diverse emission control systems in ways that do not necessarily suffer from the shortfalls of the current CDM. Moreover, while emission reduction credit systems are designed to work with MB systems like tradable permits, they describe ways in which it can interact with tax systems as well as certain regulatory systems [22]. 

Clean development mechanisms-, non-Annex I parties can create certified emissions reductions (CERs) by developing projects that reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases. Annex-I parties (both governments and private entities) can help to finance these projects and purchase the resulting credits as a means of meeting their own reduction commitments. 

Compressed-air energy storage Corporate average fuel economy California Air Resources Board Coal-bed methane Combined cycle gas turbine Carbon/carbon dioxide capture and storage Clean development mechanism Chlorofluorocarbon Computable general equilibrium Compressed gaseous hydrogen Combined heat and power... 

Parson E.A. and Fisher-Vanden K. (1999). Joint implementation of greenhouse gas abatement under the Kyoto Protocol s Clean Development Mechanism Its Scope and Limits. 

SUPPLY CC-Perspectives/Climate Strategies estimates (a) Clean Development Mechanism (CERS) 680 1200... 

These numerical simulations provide a useful insight into the magnitude of distortions induced by allocation to the power sector. Since the C02 emissions cap for Europe is fixed, high C02 emissions projections imply increased scarcity and allowance prices. This could induce an increased flow of allowances through the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, including the clean development mechanism (CDM) and joint implementation (JI). The extent to which C02 prices would have to adjust to achieve the same level of European-wide emissions is a question requiring further research. 

Under the Clean Development Mechanism plan of the UN, 4.8 billion was paid in 2006 to developing countries for reducing their C02 emissions. These credits have been sold to richer nations at an average price of 10.70/ ton. Of the total of 4.8 billion, China received 3 billion, and all of Africa, 0.15 billion. In comparison to the 10.70/ton rate, in the EU market carbon credits are traded at 28/ton. The Dell Company, for example, has bought carbon offsets in Hungary that will be backed by the planting of trees. 

Under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol a Party to it, i.e. a country, can in addition to undertaking emission cuts on its own territory outsource some reductions to other countries and gain credit in the form of various carbon currencies, most prominently certified emission reduction units (CERs) in the context of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), emission reduction units (ERUs) in the context of Joint Implementation (JI) and Assigned Amount Units (AAUs) in the context of International Emission Trading. 

The Kyoto target should be especially geared to domestic action rather than to the emissions credits from the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) or the use of International Emissions Trading (IET) within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. 

State purchase of credits (Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)) could not directly influence the 2005-2007 NAP, since these credits would only be of use after 2008. However, in order to ascertain that the Danish NAP was on track for Kyoto compliance, the Danish government stated that it would be prepared to close any gap in 2008-2012 with government purchases of JI and CDM credits. Indeed, state purchase is already well on the way. In 2003-2005, the state budget has a reservation of 71 million, and for the period 2006-2009, the state budget has a preliminary reservation of 107 million. Since the first NAP was published, the involvement in state purchase of credits has continued. One example is the creation of the Danish Carbon Fund12 as a joint venture between a few major companies and the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 

Any reservoir that takes up carbon released from some other part of the carbon cycle for example, the atmosphere, oceans and forests are major carbon sinks because much of the C02 produced elsewhere on the Earth ends up in these bodies Combined cycle gas turbine Clean Development Mechanism in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, the parties established the CDM for the purposes of assisting developing countries in achieving sustainable development and helping Annex I parties meet their emissions targets carbon currency certified emission reduction units (CERs)... 

Following on from Kyoto, the Fourth Conference of the parties took place in Buenos Aires in November 1998, the aim being to clarify key concepts and mechanisms. The most important of these was the clean development mechanism , which aims to channel funds into developing countries for the deployment of clean technologies. The carbon emission trading mechanism was also discussed. Through this, parties to the convention will be able to purchase permits, which on balance should lead to overall reductions in emissions. 

The Clean Development Mechanism constitutes a new approach it combines financial assistance with the obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in such a way that they mutually induce each other. The incentive for providing financial assistance is the partial accountability of the reduction for the donor and the incentive for setting up the project is the accountability of the other part of the reduction for the recipient state. 

Concerns for global climate change have led to the European Emissions Trading Scheme and other policy measures that act in favor of nuclear new build by internalizing a key externality and rendering nuclear power more cost competitive. However, several measures at both an international and a national level either continue to exclude nuclear power (for example, Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism) or are reserved for renewables only (for example, UK Renewables Obligation Certificates). Such policies... 

European Community, 1999, Submission by Germany on behalf of the European Community, its Member States and Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovak Republic and Slovenia on the Clean Development Mechanism (Art. 12 KP), Principles, Modalities, Rules and Guidelines for the Mechanisms under Articles, 12 and 17 of the Kyoto Protocol Submissions from the Parties, FCCC/SB/1999/MISC.3/Add.3, 4Jime, 8-18. 

Schneider, L., 2008, A Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) with Atmospheric Benefits for a Post-2012 Climate Regime, Oeko-Institut, Institute for Applied Ecology, Berlin. 

The scheme, as proposed in the White Paper, aims to prevent the domestic permit price from rising too high, at least in the early years, through a ban on international permit sales, a domestic price cap, and unilateral linking with unlimited access to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). A cautious approach is taken to bilateral linking, with no bilateral links to start with, but with the prospect of linking to selected schemes further down the track. The European Union (EU) and New Zealand (NZ) schemes would be obvious candidates to consider linking with. 

ICAO has studied alternative policies to regulate international aviation emissions. It has concluded that emissions trading with the option of buying additional credits from non-aviation sources, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), is the preferred policy (ICAO, 2007). ICAO has not been able to agree on steps to implement such a policy. At its September 2007 Assembly, ICAO initiated two more years of studies without agreeing to any concrete action to reduce emissions. 

As a tree, Hevea plays a role in carbon sequestration and may therefore be eligible for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). ... 

Clean Development Mechanism, an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialised countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries Conseil Europeen des Federations de I Industrie Chimique... 

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