Glycerol availability

The current boom associated with biodiesel production from vegetable oils has generated a spectacular rise in glycerol availability, with a yearly world production... 

The glycerol available from fat mobilization is first phos-phorylated and then oxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an intermediate of glycosis. By having an entry point into the glycolysis pathway, glycerol can nltimately be converted into glucose or oxidized to CO2 and H2O. 

For the preparation of enantiomeric alkyldiacyl-5n-glycerols it is useful to have enantiomeric 1-alkyl-3-acyl- and l-acyl-3-alkyl-5n-glycerols available. Methods for preparing these compounds have been discussed by Baumann (1972) and by Palameta and Kates (1966). 

Scheme 12.1 Glycerol, available in large amounts from the preparation of biodiesel, is transformed into useful chemicals...

Use approximately 0 5 ml. of glycerol, and cork the flask A securely when weighing the glycerol by difference, owing to the very hygroscopic nature of the latter. Heat on the water-bath for 60 minutes instead of 30 minutes. Excellent results are obtained by this method if a freshly opened sample of anhydrous glycerol is available a sample which has been exposed to the air for even a short period will absorb sufficient water to give inaccurate results. 

Docusate Sodium. Aerosol OT, Colace, and Doxinate are trade names of docusate sodium [577-11-7] (dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate, sodium salt of l,4-bis(2-etliylhexyl)estet butanedioic). This white, wax-like, plastic sohd, with a characteristic odor suggestive of octyl alcohol, is usually available in the form of pellets. One gram of the sodium salt slowly dissolves in about 70 mL water. Docusate sodium is freely soluble in alcohol and glycerol, very... 

To overcome these difficulties, drilling fluids are treated with a variety of mud lubricants available from various suppHers. They are mostly general-purpose, low toxicity, nonfluorescent types that are blends of several anionic or nonionic surfactants and products such as glycols and glycerols, fatty acid esters, synthetic hydrocarbons, and vegetable oil derivatives. Extreme pressure lubricants containing sulfurized or sulfonated derivatives of natural fatty acid products or petroleum-base hydrocarbons can be quite toxic to marine life and are rarely used for environmental reasons. Diesel and mineral oils were once used as lubricants at levels of 3 to 10 vol % but this practice has been curtailed significantly for environmental reasons. 

Selected physical and chemical properties of sodium nitrate are Hsted in Table 1. At room temperature, sodium nitrate is an ododess and colodess soHd, moderately hygroscopic, saline in taste, and very soluble in water, ammonia, and glycerol. Detailed physical and chemical properties are also available (3,4). 

Enzymes. Invertase (P-fmctofuranosidase) is commercially produced from S. cerevisiae or S. uvarum. The enzyme, a glycoproteia, is not excreted but transported to the cell wall. It is, therefore, isolated by subjecting the cells to autolysis followed by filtration and precipitation with either ethanol or isopropanol. The commercial product is available dry or ia the form of a solutioa containing 50% glycerol as a stabilizer. The maia uses are ia sucrose hydrolysis ia high-test molasses and ia the productioa of cream-ceatered candies. 

The merchant market for chi orohydrin s is small, primarily for specialty appHcations. Ethylene chlorohydrin is sold ia the United States by BASF Corp., Parsippany, N.J., available ia 230 kg net lined steel dmms. Glycerol monochlorohydrin (3-chloro-l,2-propanediol) is available from Dixie Chemical Co., Houston, Tex., in lined steel dmms (227.3 kg net) from Raschig Corp., Richmond, Va. and from Henley Chemicals, Inc., Montvale, N.J., ia steel dmms (240 kg net). Glycerol dichi orohydrin (l,3-dichloro-2-propanol) is not currentiy being produced for the U.S. merchant market but has been available ia the past at a selling price of 5—6/kg. 

Microbiol Stability. Microbial growth is hindered by reducing water activity and adding preservatives. An overview is available (30). Reduction in water activity is typically obtained by including approximately 50% of a polyalcohol such as sorbitol or glycerol. Furthermore, 20% of a salt like NaCl has a pronounced growth inhibiting effect. 

Satisfactory methods for the preparation of acrolein have been described by Wohl and Mylo,i Witzemann, andMoureu. In the Wohl and Mylo method the vapors of glycerol are passed over magnesium sulfate maintained at 330-340.° Witzemann s method involves the use of magnesium sulfate at elevated temperatures with the consequent danger of breaking the generating flasks. Moureu s method involves apparatus not always available. 

It will noticed that the initial steps correspond with those used in the manufacture of glycerol. The material is available commercially at 98% purity and is a colourless mobile liquid. 

The yield was highest with starch or dextrin, intermediate and about the same with sucrose, glucose, maltose and lactose and poorest with glycerol. Kanamycin was produced by media containing soybean meal, peanut meal, cottonseed meal, corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract or meat extract, with or without sodium nitrate. Commercially available soybean meal was recognized to be one of the best nitrogen sources. The addition of corn steep liquor, peptone, yeast extract or nitrate to the soybean meal promoted the production of kanamycin. 

Initially, attempts to grow the organism on sodium acetate as the sole source of carbon were unsuccessful, but the difficulties were overcome and mannitol, arabinitol, erythritol, glycerol, maltose, and a,a-trehalose were produced. This was a useful development because conditions were established for the incorporation of [14C] acetate, thereby making labeled polyols and disaccharides available. 

---