Glucose, and diabetics

Glass forming, molten salts, 642 Glucose, and diabetics, 22 Gouy, originator of the ion-atmosphere model, 292... 

Siperstein MD, Foster DW, Knowles HC et al. Control of blood glucose and diabetic vascular disease. IV g/ /Merf 1977 296(1) 1060-1063. 

G. Danaei, M.M. Finucane, Y. Lu, G.M. Singh, M.J. Cowan, C.J. Paciorek, National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980 systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants, Lancet, 378 (2011) 31-40. 

Early applications of crystalline fructose focused on foods for special dietary applications, primarily calorie reduction and diabetes control. The latter application sought to capitalize on a signiftcandy lower serum glucose level and insulin response in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes melUtus (21,22) and insulin-dependent diabetes (23). However, because fmctose is a nutritive sweetener and because dietary fmctose conversion to glucose in the hver requires insulin in the same way as dietary glucose or sucrose, recommendations for its use are the same as for other nutritive sugars (24). Review of the health effects of dietary fmctose is available (25). 

Blood Glucose and Insulin Response. In humans, ingestion of sugar alcohols has shown a significantly reduced rise in blood glucose and insulin response, owing to slow absorption by the body. As a result, many foods based on sugar alcohols have been used safely in the diets of diabetics (208). 

Perley M, Kpnis D (1967) Plasma insulin responses to oral and intravenous glucose studies in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 46 1954—1962... 

The energy substrates are contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to any component of the solution. Dextrose solutions are contraindicated in patients with diabetic coma with excessively high blood sugar. Concentrated dextrose solutions are contraindicated in patients with increased intracranial pressure, delirium tremens (if patient is dehydrated), hepatic coma, or glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome Alcohol dextrose solutions are contraindicated in patients with epilepsy, urinary tract infections, alcoholism, and diabetic coma... 

Demchuk AM, Morgenstem LB, Krieger DW, Linda Chi T, Hu W, Wein TH, Hardy RJ, Grotta JC, Buchan AM. Serum glucose level and diabetes predict tissue plasminogen activator-related intracerebral hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999 30(l) 34-39. 

SCHWARTZ J G, GUAN D, GREEN G M, PHILLIPS w T (1994) Treatment with an oral proteinase inhibitor slows gastric emptying and acutely reduces glucose and insulin levels after a liquid meal in type 11 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 17 255-62. 

Blood glucose and serum lipid lowering effects in humans with diabetes (McPeak et al., 2001 Rukmini et al., 2002 Qureshi et al., 2002). 

It should be remembered that some of the established antioxidants have other metabolic roles apart from free-radical scavenging. The finding of reduced antioxidant defences in diabetes, for example, may not be prima fascie evidence of increased oxidative stress, since alternative explanations may operate. For example, this may reflect a response to reduced free-radical activity as su ested by the results of a previous study (Collier et al., 1988). In the case of ascorbate, an alternative explanation has been proposed by Davis etal. (1983), who demonstrated competitive inhibition of ascorbate uptake by glucose into human lymphocytes. This view is supported by the similar molecular structure of glucose and ascorbic acid (see Fig. 12.4) and by a report of an inverse relationship between glycaemic control and ascorbate concentrations in experimental diabetes in rats. Other investigators, however, have not demonstrated this relationship (Som etal., 1981 Sinclair etal., 1991). 

The reaction between glucose and protein in the blood produces advanced glycosylation end-products (AGEs), which are metabolized in the proximal tubules. Hyperglycemia increases the synthesis of AGEs in patients with diabetes and the corresponding increase in metabolism is suspected to be a cause of nephropathy associated with diabetes.12... 

PCOS is associated with a three to seven times increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.14 Patients diagnosed with PCOS should be screened for impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.12 If any of these conditions are present, there is an increased risk of cardiovascular events. 

The patient was admitted to the hospital with a presumptive diagnosis of health care-associated pneumonia (based on the recent hospitalization). He received intravenous hydration with normal saline, 5 L oxygen via face mask, an insulin infusion to control his glucose, and empirical antimicrobial therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam 2.25 g intravenously every 6 hours and vancomycin 1 g intravenously every 24 hours. All other medications are continued with the exception of the diabetes medications. 

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