Diabetes prevalence

Diabetes mellitus is defined as hyperglycaemia (fasting > 7 mM and/or 2 h postprandial >11.1 mM) due to absolute or relative lack of insulin. The most common forms are type 1 diabetes (prevalence 0.25%), with absolute lack of insulin, and type 2 diabetes (prevalence 4-6%) which is due to the combination of insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion. 

The prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is increasing world-wide and considered one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. In 2010, 221 million patients are expected to be diabetic (compared to 151 million in the year 2000). The increase in diabetes prevalence is considered to be secondary to changes in human lifestyle accompanied by physical inactivity and unlimited food supply. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance, defined as the reduced response of skeletal muscle to a given dose of insulin, is a common finding in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and can be found before the onset and predict the development of the disease. Several factors determine skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and among others alterations in fatty acid metabolism have been proposed. ... 

Various anatomical, physiological and behavioural risk factors for atherosclerosis are known. Many of these are recognised within the metabolic syndrome , a combination of disorders that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Prevalence increases with age, affecting up to 25% of the population in the USA. Risk factors include ... 

Diabetes is primarily concentrated in urban areas and is mostly prevalent in people who are obese, eat an unhealthy diet, and live sedentary lifestyles. The highest diabetes prevalences are in North America (9.2%) and Europe (8.4%)J551... 

Antiandrogenic effects have been associated with several phthalates)63] as well as with PCBs, dioxins, and organochlorine pesticides, chemicals that have been associated with diabetes prevalence in adult men)64,65 Mixtures of phthalates and other antiandrogens have been shown to act in an additive manner in animal studies, I66 67 and in a greater than additive manner in one human study)68 ... 

International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes prevalence, www.idf.org/home/ index.cfm node=264... 

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by an increased blood glucose level secondary to defects in insulin secretion and/or action. According to the American Diabetes Association, as of 2002, the United States diabetes prevalence is 18.2 million people (6.3% of the population). Diabetics suffer from acute complications of the disease such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome as well as chronic complications ranging from microvascular disease (nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy) to macrovascular disease (1). 

Diabetes mellitus type 2 The UAE has the second highest rate of type 2 diabetes prevalence in the world (19.6 %), projected to increase to 63 % by the year 2030. 

G. Danaei, M.M. Finucane, Y. Lu, G.M. Singh, M.J. Cowan, C.J. Paciorek, National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980 systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2.7 million participants, Lancet, 378 (2011) 31-40. 

Essential hypertension, whose prevalence is increased nearly two-fold in the diabetic population, may be another source of free-radical activity. The vascular lesions of hypertension can be produced by free-radical reactions (Selwign, 1983). In the recent Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Risk Factor Study in Finnish men, a marked elevation of blood pressure was associated with low levels of both plasma ascorbate and serum selenium (Salonen etal., 1988). A few studies report a hypotensive effect of supplementary ascorbate in patients with hypertension, but the actual changes in both systolic and diastolic pressure after ascorbate were not statistically significant in comparison with placebo (Trout, 1991). 

O CKD is a progressive disease that eventually leads to ESRD. The prevalence of ESRD has increased more than fivefold since 1980 to more than 450,000 people in 2003 with more than 100,000 new cases of ESRD diagnosed in 2003.2 Although the incidence of ESRD is declining in certain populations, the incidence of ESRD is increasing in African-Americans to as much as 44% in patients with diabetes 30 to 39 years of age. 

Type 2 DM is the most prevalent form of diabetes and accounts for approximately 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases. Type 2 DM is usually slow and progressive in its development and often is preceded by pre-diabetes. Rising blood glucose levels result from increasing insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion leading to a situation of relative insulin deficiency. 

There is no doubt that the eating patterns and physical activity of the adult have a direct effect on the prevalence of nontransmittable chronic illnesses. In recent decades, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes, among others, has steadily increased, making these diseases the priority for health care systems in many countries, especially in developed countries. 

Schizophrenics have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes than nonschizophrenics. Antipsychotics may adversely affect glucose levels in diabetic patients. New onset diabetes has been reported with use of the SGAs. Clozapine and olanzapine may be more likely, and aripiprazole may be less likely to cause this. 

For more information about the prevalence of diabetes, see URLs by the International Diabetes Federation at www.idf.org the World Health Organization at www.who.int the Center for Disease Control at www.cdc. gov/diabetes and the American Diabetes Association at www.diabetes. org. 

Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., and King, H. (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes Care 27,1047-1053. 

As the prevalence of obesity increases worldwide, so does the prevalence of associated co-morbidities type-2 diabetes, chronic obstructive sleep apnoea, cardiovascular disease (hyper-tension, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure, stroke and peripheral vascular disease), fatty liver disease, various malignancies (Table 7.2), gallstones, subfertility, musculo-skeletal problems and depression. 

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