Salt combinations

Although much information is available on antimicrobial activities of lactate and acetate salts, there is limited information on the effect achieved when using them in combination. In a study done in 2002, enhanced inhibition was found at various storage temperatures when used in combination (Mbandi and Shelef, 2002). 

Buffered sodium citrate in combination with sodium diacetate or sodium salts of lactic or acetic acids can be used as ingredients in processed meat products to provide an additional measure of safety against C. perfringens contamination of chilled meat products (Juneja and Thippareddi, 2004). Addition of lactate does not affect meat pH, whereas diacetate reduces pH from 6.3 to 5.9, and a combination of the two salts reduces pH to 6.1 (Mbandi and Shelef, 2002). 

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Salt apphed as equal parts of unionised sodium chloride and calcium chloride at 20 g total per L for 1 h, three times a week, has also been used to control fungal infections on eggs. The salt combination is first appHed one day after fertilisation to the first pick of eggs. These compounds are categorized as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). 

This was got over by saying that in such cases there were physical changes in which solid salt became liquid, as well as chemical changes in which the salt combined with the water. The absorption of heat attending the first change exceeded the evolution in the second. To all such exceptions it was thought sufficient to answer that they were not of a purely chemical nature. ... 

Relatively little attention has been devoted to the direct electrodeposition of transition metal-aluminum alloys in spite of the fact that isothermal electrodeposition leads to coatings with very uniform composition and structure and that the deposition current gives a direct measure of the deposition rate. Unfortunately, neither aluminum nor its alloys can be electrodeposited from aqueous solutions because hydrogen is evolved before aluminum is plated. Thus, it is necessary to employ nonaqueous solvents (both molecular and ionic) for this purpose. Among the solvents that have been used successfully to electrodeposit aluminum and its transition metal alloys are the chloroaluminate molten salts, which consist of inorganic or organic chloride salts combined with anhydrous aluminum chloride. An introduction to the chemical, electrochemical, and physical properties of the most commonly used chloroaluminate melts is given below. 

A salt formed by reacting neomycin with p-amino benzene sulphoacetamide was described by two groups of workers 2,73t The salt combined the chemotherapeutic properties of the components. Another unusual salt of neomycin described in the literature is that with m-sulphonylbenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone . The compound is reputed to be less toxic than neomycin and to be more active against tubercule bacilli than the individual constituents. 

Sacchetti, G., Gianotti, A., and Dalla Rosa, M. 2001. Sucrose-salt combined effects on mass transfer kinetics and product acceptability Study on apple osmotic treatments. J. Food Engineer. 49, 163-173. 

Buffers contain mixtures of weak acids and their salts (i.e., the conjugate bases of acids), or mixtures of weak bases and their conjugate acids. Typical buffer systems used in pharmaceutical dosage forms include mixtures of boric acid and sodium borate, acetic acid and sodium acetate, and sodium acid phosphate and disodium phosphate. The reason for the buffering action of a weak acid, HA (e.g., acetic acid) and its ionized salt, A" (e.g., sodium acetate) is that A" ions from the salt combine with the added hydrogen ions, removing them from solution as undissociated weak acid. 

Soon after the appearance of the series of papers from the Stryker labs [13, 15, 17, 19a], an alternative method for the presumed generation of stoichiometric hal-ohydrido cuprate XCu(H)Li (X = Cl or I) was reported (Scheme 5.2) [20]. It relies on a transmetalation between BusSnH and CuI/LiCl, the inorganic salts combining to form a mixed dihalocuprate (5) [21], which may then undergo a ligand exchange with the tin hydride to afford halohydrido species 6. 

The base-catalysed racemization of the alkaloid (-)-hy oscy amine to ( )-hyoscyamine (atropine) is an example of enolate anion participation. Alkaloids are normally extracted from plants by using base, thus liberating the free alkaloid bases from salt combinations. (—)-Hyoscyamine is found in belladonna Atropa belladonna) and stramonium Datura stramonium) and is used medicinally as an anticholinergic. It competes with acetylcholine for the muscarinic site of the parasympathetic nervous system, thus preventing the passage of nerve impulses. However, with careless extraction using too much base the product isolated is atropine, which has only half the biological activity of (—)-hyoscyamine, since the enantiomer (+)-hyoscyamine is essentially inactive. 

The availability of low-melting salt combinations opens up potentialities for all the light metals. As we have seen above, almost all the research work on RED SBs with molten salt electrolytes is carried out with Li as an anode and with chlorides as electrolytes. Other light metal systems should be investigated too, especially in view of the much greater natural abundance of some of these other metals. 

In addition to the use of salt combinations to produce nylons described in Chapter 4, nylons may also be produced by the anionic ROP of lactams. In fact, this method was largely developed to overcome patent rights held by DuPont based on the work of Carothers and his group. This is the preferred method for the production of nylon-6, structurally analogous to nylon-6,6, and is widely practiced in Europe. 

Scheme 2.3-3 Synthesis of phosphine-appended imidazolium salts. Combination of these species with the conventional IL [BMIMJPFe and Rh(l) gives rise to a task-specific ionic liquid active for the hydroformylation of 1 -octene.

Carbonic acid and ammonia can unite in the most varied proportions. The number of these combinations is indeed surprising. I have prepared several of them. . . and it would have been easy for me to have increased their number. . . but I have contented myself with indicating the possibility of their existence since their preparation and examination would occasion more trouble than the subject merited.. . . The reason for the great number of these combinations arises less from the weak affinity which carbonic acid has for ammonia, than from the circumstances that the various combinations have a great tendency to form double salts with one another. I regard the several salts which carbonic acid forms with ammonia as double salts combined ip different proportions. 

Hydrates and ammoniates.—Judging from records of salts with water of crystallization and also with ammonia of crystallization, ammonia, in its tendency to unite with other compounds, probably exceeds water. Just as a salt may unite with water to form a hydrate, so can salts combine with ammonia to form ammoniates, or ammines, e.g. oupric and mercurio chlorides form respectively Cuda.2NH3 and HgCl2.2NH3, etc. 

When methanedisulfonate, ethanedisulfonate, or camphorsulfonate is employed as the counterion, the product is referred to as a mesylate, edisylate, or camsylate salt, respectively (Miller and Heller, 1975). Miller and Heller (1975) concluded that salt combinations with mono-carboxylic acids are usually poorly soluble in water, whereas those ofdicarboxylic acids above oxalic acid, which itself is considered toxic, can be water soluble if one carboxylic acid group is still free to dissociate (Miller and Heller, 1975). Examples ofdi-and tricarboxylic acids that have been used in marketed products include citric, tartaric, succinic, and glutamic acids (Berge et al., 1977 Fiese and Hagen, 1986). 

The intense activity by ecstasy users at dance parties and raves contributes to the effect of the drug and results in profuse sweating and dehydration. A loss of bodily salt combined with rapidly drinking large quantities of water can result in a fluid imbalance that leads to epilepsy-like seizures or a compression of a part of the brain that regulates breathing or circulation. Salt and fluid depletion in combination with the intense activity and elevated body temperature often associated with... 

The salt combines with the snow to create a solution whose freezing point is lower than the freezing point of the snow by itself. It is possible for the temperature to become so low that salt does not melt the snow because even ice water freezes when cold enough. Typically salt is ineffective at temperatures lower than 15°F. 

The sulpho-salts of arsenic, antimony, and stannic tin are particularly characteristic of these metals. (See Preparation 43 and Experiment 11, page 294.) They are easily produced, and all are soluble. They are stable in neutral or basic solutions, but are decomposed by acids, because the anions of the salts combine with hydrogen ions to produce the very weak sulpho-acids, which, being unstable, decompose at once into the sulphides of the metals and hydrogen sulphide ... 

The intersection of the 0.05 kg salt per kg Pu line with the curve for 90% americium occurs at 32 mole % MgCl2- For convenience purposes only, a 30 mole % MgCl2 salt combined with a salt-to-metal ratio of 0.056 is near optimum. 

An interesting case of selective oxidation in solution is given hy Jones,2 who has studied the absorption spectrum of a solution of uranous bromide in a mixture of water and methyl alcohol. Addition of potassium perchlorate effects an alteration in the absorption bands m such a manner as to show that the portion of the uranous salt combined with the methyl alcohol has undergone no change, whilst that united with the water has become oxidised. 

Apply the residue to a silica gel column (2.5 cm x 20 cm, wet Si02 KBr, 10 1). Elute the non-ionic impurities by using dichloromethane as the eluent. Change the eluent to dichloromethane methanol, 93 7 to give hemispherands 12a-d as their KBr salts. Combine the fractions containing 12a-d.KBr and wash them with 3 x 10 mL of 3% HCI and 10 mL of water. 

Methods for obtaining high-purity rare earth salts combined with the availability of high resolution spectrophotometers led to comprehensive studies of the absorption spectra of lanthanides [136-141]. The experimental work on the spectra of single crystals of rare earth salts by Dieke was of immense value in the theoretical interpretation of the energy level structures of the lanthanide ions [142]. 

Table 7 give some data of the polymerization quantum yields (p) as a measure for the efficiency of various donor-diphenyliodonium salt combinations in the cationic polymerization of PGE. 

Free radical promoted, cationic polymerization also occurs upon irradiation of pyridinium salts in the presence of acylphosphine oxides. But phosphonyl radicals formed are not oxidized even by much stronger oxidants such as iodonium ions as was demonstrated by laser flash photolysis studies [51, 52]. The electron donor radical generating process involves either hydrogen abstraction or the addition of phosphorus centered or benzoyl radicals to vinyl ether monomers [53]. Typical reactions for the photoinitiated cationic polymerization of butyl vinyl ether by using acylphosphine oxide-pyridinium salt combination are shown in Scheme 10. 

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