General functional specifications

On the basis of the assumptions and experiences presented in Chapters 1, 2 and 3 four fundamental ideas or requirements are regarded here as functional specifications for designing a NMMS  

the only function of the NMMS should be to learn at an organisational level from the reported near misses (sec section 1,1)  

its coverage of possible inputs and outputs should be comprehensive in a qualitative sense (see section 2,2)  

the NMMS should not be an alien system within an organisation, but be integrated where ever possible with other management tools in order to maximise its acceptance (see Chapter 6). 

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In the development of the process automation and control system, the required testing of that control system and the factory-assembled components, and the process simulation program must be established with the general functional specifications. In an API facility, many of the control systems perform process functions that require strict validation. The functional description for the automation system should require a complete factory acceptance test (FAT). This test should simulate the entire process and process failures and alarms. The FAT should also check and verify that the control system cabinets and controllers operate as designed. The factory acceptance testing of the process automation system prior to shipment and installation in the field is a critical step in the validation and start-up of the facility. 

Film or sheet generally function as supports for other materials, as barriers or covers such as packaging, as insulation, or as materials of constmction. The uses depend on the unique combination of properties of the specific resins or plastic materials chosen. When multilayer films or sheets are made, the product properties can be varied to meet almost any need. Further modification of properties can be achieved by use of such additives or modifiers as plasticizers (qv), antistatic agents (qv), fire retardants, sHp agents, uv and thermal stabilizers, dyes (qv) or pigments (qv), and biodegradable activators. 

This, the mass per unit volume, is a function of the weight of individual molecules and the way they pack. The hydrocarbons do not possess heavy atoms and therefore the mass of the molecule per unit volume is rather low. Amorphous hydrocarbon polymers generally have specific gravities of 0.86-1.05. Where large atoms are present, e.g. chlorine atoms, the mass per unit volume is higher and so PVC, a substantially amorphous polymer, has a specific gravity of about 1.4. 

Corrosion control. This area includes control over various general and specific forms of pre-boiler and boiler section corrosion. Broadly speaking, functional corrosion control encompasses a combined approach that includes ... 

For any specific BW application, the boiler design, pressure-temperature, operation, and heat-flux rate are all contributing factors these chemistries generally function at substoichiometric levels (the coordinating and complexing polycarboxylic component of polymers aside), so that the use of reliable, directly measurable relationships is not always possible. Nevertheless, some rules and recommendations do exist, a few of which are discussed later. 

The ionizable functional groups of aminoacyl side chains and (where present) of prosthetic groups contribute to catalysis by acting as acids or bases. Acid-base catalysis can be eithet specific ot general. By specific we mean only protons (HjO ) or OH ions. In specific acid or specific base catalysis, the rate of reaction is sensitive to changes in the concenttation of protons but... 

Nutritional deficiency diseases are relatively rare in the temperate zone. The etiology of numerous other clinical conditions involve vitamin deficiencies, due to faults in absorption, transfer, or utilization. Because of the central position of the vitamins as sources of coenzymes, such functional deficiencies are important in malabsorption, where the picture is often complicated by multiple deficiencies, in anemias where the defect is in general highly specific, and in many other diseases where the deficiency is secondary to other pathologic events, but nevertheless of grave consequences. 

The average specific volume V is a function of the gas and liquid specific volumes and the mass fraction of gas. The liquid may be treated as incompressible but, in general, the specific volume of the gas and the mass fraction will change along the length of the pipe. Differentiating equation 7.51... 

The linear equilibrium isotherm adsorption relationship (Eq. 11) requires a constant rate of adsorption, and is most often not physically valid because the ability of clay solid particles to absorb pollutants decreases as the adsorbed amount of pollutant increases, contrary to expectations from the liner model. If the rate of adsorption decreases rapidly as the concentration in the pore fluid increases, the simple Freundlich type model (Eqs. 8 and 9) must be extended to properly portray the adsorption relationship. Few models can faithfully portray the adsorption relationship for multicomponent COM-pollutant systems where some of the components are adsorbed and others are desorbed. It is therefore necessary to perform initial tests with the natural system to choose the adsorption model specific to the problem at hand. From leaching-column experimental data, using field materials (soil solids and COMs solutions), and model calibration, the following general function can be successfully applied [155] ... 

Herbal drugs can have general or specific effects on cognition. To understand the results of neuropsychological testing in drug studies, it will be useful to briefly discuss the breakdown of cognitive functions. 

General Function Elements Chemical Form Examples of Specific Functions... 

Finally, there is a class of molecules—some large and many small— termed enzyme inhibitors. These molecules bind to enzymes, generally quite specifically, and prevent them from carrying out their catalytic function. These are keys that fit the lock but do not open it. This is another example of molecular recognition. In the simplest cases, the inhibitor of an enzyme is structurally related to the normal physiological substrate for the enzyme. The inhibitor looks enough like the normal substrate to bind to the enzyme at the site where the substrate normally binds but is sufficiently different so that no reaction subsequently occurs. The key fits in the lock but cannot open it. It follows that the enzyme is captured in the form of an enzyme-inhibitor complex, E 1, where 1 denotes the inhibitor. The point is that E 1 cannot make products. The enzyme has been rendered nonfunctional as long as 1 is bound to it. 

This document presents clear concepts and definitions of general and specific terms relating to reactions of polymers and functional polymers. The document is divided into three seetions. In Seetion 1, terms relating to reaetions of polymers are defined. Names of individual ehemical reaetions (e.g., chloromethylation) are omitted from this doeument, even in eases where the reaetions are important in the field of polymer reaetions, beeause sueh names are usually already in widespread use and are well defined in organie... 

Formation of a broad range of materials with a wide variety of general or specific properties and function (such as proteins and enzymes) through a controlled sequence assembly from a fixed number of feedstock molecules (proteins about 20 different amino acids, five bases for nucleic acids, and two sugar units)... 

The form of the scattering wavefunction has been represented in a very general manner, specifically, as a product of a function in body-fixed coordinates the parity-adapted total angular momenrnm... 

The specific function of the SH3 domain is based on increased substrate specificity of tyrosine kinases in this case (Shokat, 1995). In classical enzymes, the substrate binding site and the catalytic center are close together and the substrate binding site is generally highly specific for a particular substrate. The situation is different for tyrosine kinases. Here, the substrate binding site near the catalytic center shows moderate selectivity. The specificity of the reaction is increased, however, by mediation of asso-... 

As the work function specifically refers to a homogeneous crystal face, the C.P.D., as defined by Equation (2), will, in general, be nonzero when the subscripts A and B refer to different crystal faces of the same conductor or to different grains in the surface of a polycrystalline conductor. The effect of these patch surfaces on the C.P.D. may be treated as follows 6). ... 

Class B Explosive Under the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) safety regulations, as per 49 CFR 173.88, Class B explosives are defined as those explosives which in general function by rapid combustion rather than detonation and include some explosive devices such as special fireworks, flash powders, some pyrotechnic signal devices and liquid or solid propellant explosives which include some smokeless powders. The regulations provide specific descriptions of and tests for Class B explosives. 

In general, the specific adsorption of an ion is enhanced by larger size —and therefore larger polarizability —and lower hydration, which itself is a function of ion size. For example, among the ions just listed, the large I ion is the most strongly adsorbed, and the small but highly hydrated Na + ion is adsorbed least. 

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