Forming Examples

Publications of this kind are described as non-original. They are abstracting services and handbooks that catch the primary literature, condense the important contents, and make this information available (searchable). Secondary literature is not evaluated and is provided in both printable and electronic forms. Examples are Gmelin, Beilstein, Citations Chemisches Zentralblatt, Chemical Abstracts, or Science Citation Index handbooks include Houben-Weyl, and Landolt Bomstein. 

Clemmensen reduction of aldehydes and ketones. Upon reducing aldehydes or ketones with amalgamated zinc and concentrated hydrochloric acid, the main products are the hydrocarbons (>C=0 —> >CHj), but variable quantities of the secondary alcohols (in the case of ketones) and unsaturated substances are also formed. Examples are ... 

Certain factors and product precursors are occasionally added to various fermentation media to iacrease product formation rates, the amount of product formed, or the type of product formed. Examples iaclude the addition of cobalt salts ia the vitamin fermentation, and phenylacetic acid and phenoxyacetic acid for the penicillin G (hen ylpenicillin) and penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin) fermentations, respectively. Biotin is often added to the citric acid fermentation to enhance productivity and the addition of P-ionone vastly iacreases beta-carotene fermentation yields. Also, iaducers play an important role ia some enzyme production fermentations, and specific metaboHc inhibitors often block certain enzymatic steps that result in product accumulation. 

CatalyticaHy Active Species. The most common catalyticaHy active materials are metals, metal oxides, and metal sulfides. OccasionaHy, these are used in pure form examples are Raney nickel, used for fat hydrogenation, and y-Al O, used for ethanol dehydration. More often the catalyticaHy active component is highly dispersed on the surface of a support and may constitute no more than about 1% of the total catalyst. The main reason for dispersing the catalytic species is the expense. The expensive material must be accessible to reactants, and this requires that most of the catalytic material be present at a surface. This is possible only if the material is dispersed as minute particles, as smaH as 1 nm in diameter and even less. It is not practical to use minute... 

Chromium compounds number in the thousands and display a wide variety of colors and forms. Examples of these compounds and the corresponding physical properties are given in Table 1. More detailed and complete information on solubiUties, including some solution freezing and boiling points, can be found in References 7—10, and 13. Data on the thermodynamic values for chromium compounds are found in References 7, 8, 10, and 13. 

New materials - As soon as a new elastomer eompound is developed, it beeomes available and produced in the o-ring form. Examples are Kalraz , and Zalak produced by Dupont, Aflas produced by 3M, and Parafluor by Parker Hannifin. 

Ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopic investigations and also chemical behavior show unambiguously that the compounds which result from the last-rnentioned type of nucleophilic reagent and cotarnine possess the cyclic form. " Examples of these are cotar-nine anil (20a), cotarnine oxime (20b), cotarnine phenylhydra-zone (20c), anhydrocotarnine carbamide (20d), hydrocotarnyl-acetic acid (20e), anhydrocotarnine acetone (20f), and also the compound (21) obtained from two molecules of cotarnine and one molecule of acetone by the elimination of two molecules of water. The cyclic form had ben demonstrated earlier for anhydrocotarnine-nitromethane (20g) and anhydrocotarnine-acetophenone (20h). ... 

Group No. of Electrons in Atom Charge of Ion Formed Examples... 

Predict the anion or cation that a main-group element is likely to form (Example C.l). 

Write, balance, and label a chemical equation on the basis of information given in sentence form (Example H.l). 

Mond process The purification of nickel by the formation and decomposition of nickel carbonyl, monomer A small molecule from which a polymer is formed. Examples CH2=CH2 for polyethylene NH2(CH2)6NH2 for nylon, monoprotic acid A Bronsted acid with one acidic hydrogen atom. Example CH COOI I. monosaccharide An individual unit from which carbohydrates are considered to be composed. Example C6H(206, glucose, multiple bond A double or triple bond between two atoms. 

In the thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) the dominant reflected wavelength is temperature-dependent and it has been employed for full-field mapping of temperature fields for over three decades. Although it is non-intrusive and cost effective, there are some problems in applying it to micro-scale measurements, because of size (typically tens of micrometers) and time response (from a few milliseconds to several hundred milliseconds depending on the material and the form). Examples of application are micro-fabricated systems (Chaudhari et al. 1998 Liu et al. 2002) and electronic components (Azar et al. 1991). 

Prostaglandins 195—197, 242 — 244, 273, 274,376, 411,413, 430, 438 Protocol form example 133 Prunasin 179,181 Psychopharmaceuticals 364 Purines 44, 266, 438, 439 Pyrazolidine derivatives 426 Pyrethroid insecticides 359 Pyridine alkaloids 66 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide reagent 318... 

Are always regarded as real and treated in a floating-point form. Examples 21, 36, 123, -62, -0.562, -0.137E-21, 98E2 Always start with a letter which may be followed by further letters or digits up to a maximum of 8 characters. Differential identifiers are identifiers followed by one or more primes ( ). Each counts as one character, consist of up to eight digits and may precede most executable statements (not PLOT or OUTPUT). 

Main advances in ESR spectroscopy have recently come about by adding new dimensions to basic ID ESR [1015]. Dimensions such as time and radiofrequency radiation have either created new spectroscopies or enriched one-dimensional forms. Examples are pulsed ESR and ENDOR. 

Figure 9.2a. Fire and explosion index calculation form, Example 9.1.

The reactions of the tetrahalogenobenzynes with polycyclic aromatic compounds follow the expected paths. Thus with naphthalenes 54,57) cyclo-addition at the 1,4-positions occurs even with 1,4,5,8-tetramethyl-naphthalene 64>. Thus the tetrahalogenobenzynes are only able to destroy the aromaticity of one ring to form example the compound (46). 

Compound (mineral forms) Examples of biological function or occurrence... 

Cyclopentanones form from CO and double bonds in 1,5-positions (example 43, Table VII). This is a very selective and stereoselective process, the 1,4- or 1,6-positions being not significantly reactive under the same conditions. o-Hydroxyphenylacetylenes also form 5-membered lactones (example 45, Table VII). In some cases ring closure leads to a new nickel-carbon bond into which a new molecule of carbon monoxide can be inserted. This process of alternative insertion of carbon monoxide and other unsaturated ligands can be repeated several times so that complex alicyclic structures can be formed (example 49, Table VII). This... 

As catalysis proceeds at the surface, a catalyst should preferably consist of small particles with a high fraction of surface atoms. This is often achieved by dispersing particles on porous supports such as silica, alumina, titania or carbon (see Fig. 1.2). Unsupported catalysts are also in use. The iron catalysts for ammonia synthesis and CO hydrogenation (the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) or the mixed metal oxide catalysts for production of acrylonitrile from propylene and ammonia form examples. 

Reduced 5-oxo derivatives of ring system 68 have been prepared by reaction between an iV)./V-nitroketene acetal and cr-chloroisocyanates <2007S835>. Attempts to form examples of ring system 68 using the three-component coupling method referred to above result in zero or very low yields however by pre-forming an imine intermediate from the aminoheterocycle and the aldehyde, which is then reacted with the isonitrile component, satisfactory yields can be obtained <2007TL2213>. 

Tamper-resistant package forms, examples of, 18 26t Tanapox, 3 136... 

General Function Elements Chemical Form Examples of Specific Functions... 

Available tobacco industry documents contain numerous references to free-base nicotine and many of these documents clearly refiect the tobacco industries evolution of knowledge in this area. For example, industry documents discuss the importance of pH and its infiuence on the distribution of nicotine between its conjugate acid-base forms. Examples from numerous documents are summarized below to illustrate how the tobacco indusfiy s knowledge of free-base nicotine evolved and how snch information was pnt to practical use. 

Reduction of the carboxylic acid group passes through the intermediate aldehyde. For a number of examples in the heterocyclic series, the aldehyde becomes a major product because it is trapped as the hydrated vfc.-diol form. Examples include imidazole-2-caiboxylic acid [139], thiazole-2-carboxylic acid [140] and pyridine-4-carboxylic acid [141] reduced in dilute aqueous acid solution. Reduction of imidazole-4-carboxylic acid proceeds to the primary alcohol stage, the aldehyde intermediate is not isolated. Addition of boric acid and sodium sulphite to the electrolyte may allow the aldehyde intermediate to be trapped as a non-reducible complex, Salicylaldehyde had been obtained on a pilot plant scale in this way by... 

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