Gene transfection

Figure 39-11. Location of hormone response elements (HREs) A, B, and C using the reporter gene-transfection approach. A family of reporter genes, constructed as described in Figure 39-10, can be transfected individually into a recipient cell. By analyzing when certain hormone responses are lost in comparison to the 5 deletion, specific hormone-responsive elements can be located.

The following references present work relevant to this manuscript that have been published since the time of submission. For a description on the embryonic developmental expression of DDC, TH, serotonin and dopamine see Lundell and Hirsh, 1994. For a more detailed examination of elements essential in the alternative splicing of Ddc see Shen et al., 1993 and Shen and Hirsh, 1994. For additional work on the use of gene transfection in the treatment of Parkinson s disease see Kang et al., 1993. 

Cell manipulation technique (e.g. cell imaging, gene transfection preservation, and differentiation)... 

See also Luminescent dendrimers antibacterial, 26 799 biocompatibility studies of, 26 800-801 in catalysis, 26 805-806 in cell targeting, 26 797-798 as chelators, 26 806-807 core and interior shells of, 26 789 cytotoxicity of, 26 800-801 in drug delivery, 26 792-795 in gene transfection, 26 791-792 as imaging agents, 26 795-797 luminescent, 26 801-804 medical applications of, 26 791-801 micelle-mimetic behavior of, 26 789 multiphoton applications of, 26 803-804... 

Genetic methods, in multiobjective optimization, 26 1033 Genetics, of yeast, 26 480 481 Genetic selection, 12 452 Genetic software techniques, 10 342 Gene transfection, dendrimers in, 26 791-792... 

Gene transfer. See also Gene transfection Transgenic entries... 

Okayama R, Noji M, Nakanishi M. Cationic cholesterol with a hydroxyethyl-amino head group promotes significantly liposome-mediated gene transfection. FEBS Lett 1997 408(2) 232-234. 

Inclusion of an NLS consensus peptide into a lipoplex renders nondividing cells susceptible to gene transfection. There is dramatic improvement... 

Ramsay E, Hadgraft J, Birchall J, et al. Examination of the biophysical interaction between plasmid DNA and the polycations, polylysine and polyornithine, as a basis for their differential gene transfection in-vitro. Int J Pharma 2000 210 97-107. 

Particles from cationic lipids may also be useful for antisense therapy of skin disease — a nontoxic increase in the oligonucleotide uptake by cultivated keratinocytes and a sebocyte cell line has been reported [66]. Moreover, cationic dendri-mers also efficiently transfer reporter gene DNA to human keratinocytes cultivated in vitro. In the skin of hairless mice, in vivo transfection was possible with complexes, yet reporter gene expression was localized to perifollicular areas. Transfection, however, failed with the naked plasmid. For prolonged contact, biodegradable membranes coated with dendrimer/DNA complexes were used [67]. This hints at a follicular uptake of these complexes and indicates that gene transfection also may be possible with human skin, which has a thicker stratum comeum compared with mouse skin (eight to ten vs. two to three layers [58]). 

In a proof-of-concept study in which Saito et al. [60] intravenously injected LacZ reporter gene-transfected MSCs into healthy rats, the MSCs preferentially engrafted in the bone marrow. When injected into rats subjected to repetitive periods of ischemia/reperfusion, however, the MSCs engrafted in the infarcted regions of the heart, where they participated in angiogenesis and expressed cardio-myocyte-specific proteins. When injected into rats 10 days after myocardial injury, MSCs preferentially homed to damaged myocardium. 

J.X. Yu, P. Otten, Z. Ma, W. Cui, L. Liu, R.P. Mason, A novel NMR platform for detecting gene transfection Synthesis and evaluation of fluorinated phenyl - -Galactosides with potential application for assessing LacZ gene expression, Bioconjug. Chem. 15 (2004) 1334-1341. 

W. Cui, P. Otten, Y. Li, K. Koeneman, J. Yu, R.P. Mason, A novel NMR approach to assessing gene transfection 4-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl-/ -D-galactopyranoside as a prototype reporter molecule for j -galactosidase, Magn. Reson. Med. 51 (2004) 616-620. 

Davies, R. L., C. L. Crespi, K. Rudo, T. R. Turner, and R. Langenbach, Development of a Human Cell Line by Selection and Drug-Metabolizing Gene Transfection with Increased Capacity to Activate Promutagens, Carcinogen, 10, 885-891 (1989). 

Pitard, B., Oudrhiri, N., Vigneron, J.P., Hauchecome, M., Aguerre, O., Toury, R. et al. (1999) Structural characteristics of supramolecular assemblies formed by guanidinium-cholesterol reagents for gene transfection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96,2621-2626. 

Audouy S, Molema G, de Leij L, Hoekstra D (2000) Serum as a modulator of lipoplex-mediated gene transfection dependence of amphiphile, cell type and complex stability. J Gene Med 2(6) 465 176... 

Niculescu-Duvaz D, Heyes J, Springer CJ (2003) Structure-activity relationship in cationic lipid mediated gene transfection. Curr Med Chem 10 1233-1261... 

Ghosh YK, Visweswariah SS, Bhattacharya S (2000) Nature of linkage between the cationic headgroup and cholesteryl skeleton controls gene transfection efficiency. FEBS Lett 473 341-344... 

Takeuchi K, Ishihara M, Kawaura C et al (1996) Effect of zeta potential of cationic liposomes containing cationic cholesterol derivatives on gene transfection. FEBS Lett... 

This review deals with the syntheses of various hyperbranched polyamines that are prepared through a one-step polymerization process. Furthermore, we present the current status of polyamines as gene carriers and describe their versatility, and their properties such as structure-property dependency, gene transfection efficiency, and cytotoxicity profiles of hyperbranched polyamines. 

From the structural point of view, polyamines used for gene transfection vary widely in their structures, which range between linear [24, 29-35], branched [12, 30, 32], hyperbranched, and perfect branched dendrimers [36]. In this chapter we present a general overview of the research reported so far using dendritic polyamines in gene delivery applications. Particular focus is made on hyperbranched... 

Fig. 1 Proposed mechanism of gene transfection [117]. (1) Formation of the DNA/polymer complex (polyplex), (2) endocytosis of the polyplex, (3) fusion of endosome and lysosome, (4) release of the polyplex into the cytosol, (5a) incorporation of the polyplex into the nucleus, (5b) release of the siRNA into the cytosol, (6) transcription of the DNA into mRNA followed by release of the polyamine back into the cytosol, (7a) translation of mRNA, and (7b) mRNA degradation. The metabolism of the polyamine is still unclear. Reproduced with permission from [117]. Copyright 2002 Elsevier...

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