Gastrointestinal system vomiting

Gastrointestinal system—nausea, vomiting, increased appetite, weight gain, and peptic ulcer ... 

Nausea and vomiting are due to complex interactions of the gastrointestinal system, the vestibular system, and various portions of the brain. Nausea and vomiting have a variety of causes that can be simple or complex. Preventing and treating... 

For the plant, another good way to stop consumption by an animal is to affect the animal s gastrointestinal system. This approach is used by a number of plants, but the mechanism of action varies. The first approach is direct irritation of the stomach lining to induce nausea and vomiting. The induction of mild vomiting is useful in some situations. The sacred bark of the California buckthorn produces cascara that is used to induce mild vomiting (a purgative). 

Adverse Effects. Quinine is associated with many adverse effects involving several primary organ systems. This drug may produce disturbances in the CNS (headache, visual disturbances, ringing in the ears), gastrointestinal system (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), and cardiovascular system (cardiac arrhythmias). Problems with hypersensitivity, blood disorders, liver dysfunction, and hypoglycemia may also occur in some individuals. 

Data compiled by Sidell (1992) revealed that for individuals exposed to VX dermally, gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting) occurred in 0.6% (1/166) when RBC-ChE activity was 50% of control valnes, and in 8% (2/24), 33% (9/27), 45% (19/42) and 67% (16/24) when RBC-ChE levels were 40 9%, 30-39%, 20-29%, and less than 20% of control valnes, respectively. Sim (1962) reported that a dose of 5 g VX/kg applied to the cheeks or ear lobes resnlted in symptoms of systemic toxicity in abont half of the test subjects. 

Trichothecenes cause apoptosis and/or necrosis in the lymphoid, hematopoietic, and gastrointestinal systems resulting in leukopenia, vomiting, and diarrhea that can be lethal. In addition, trichothecenes are toxic to the skin and testes. Immune suppression and increased susceptibihty to infection may occur, especially in the late phase of the disease. The toxic effects from trichothecenes largely resemble those following radiation exposure (radiomimetic) due to effects on rapidly dividing cells in the intestine, bone marrow, and testis. 

Gastrointestinal system Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Constipation Dry mouth Respiratory system Bronchospasm Cough suppression Respiratory depression Cardiovascular system Palpitations Changes in pulse rate Changes in blood pressure Orthostatic hypotension Circulatory depression Genitourinary system Reduced libido Urinary retention or hesitancy Oliguria... 

In a review of 12 clinical studies most of the adverse events in those taking azithromycin affected the gastrointestinal system, and were reported in 138 (8.5%) azithromycin-treated patients (29). Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting were the most frequently reported gastrointestinal adverse events. 

Acute toxicity manifests primarily in the CNS, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system. CNS signs include restlessness, tremor, nervousness, headache, insomnia, tinnitus, confusion, delirium, psychosis, and seizures. Cardiac manifestations of overdose include sinus tachycardia, various dysrhythmias, asystole, and cardiovascular collapse. Other findings include tachypnea, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, diarrhea, and fever. Case reports also include rhabdomyolysis and pulmonary edema. Laboratory findings include metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, ketosis, hypokalemia, and hyperglycemia. The estimated lethal dose in adults is 150-200 mg kg whereas doses of 10-15mgkg ... 

Psychoactive plants have been used by humans for recreational, spiritual, and therapeutic purposes for millennia (6). It is evident from the African plants that have received the most attention, such as T. iboga and Catha edulis that research has been focused on those plants most commonly used for spiritual or recreational purposes. This is understandable as these plants are often more obvious because of their cultural importance and consequently more noticeable, in particular hallucinogens. The more subtle, often more therapeutically important plants, such as mild stimulants, sedatives, those used to treat convulsions and epilepsy have been sadly overlooked. The CNS-related mode of action of many plants may not immediately be obvious, for example nausea and vomiting are associated with the gastrointestinal system but is often treated via the CNS with scopolamine. The hunger-suppressant (anorectic) activities of South African succulent plants of the species Hoodia (7) are another example. 

Gastrointestinal Effects. Oral exposure to hydrazine has produced nausea and vomiting in human cancer patients. These effects could be due to direct irritation of the gastrointestinal tract but could also be due to effects on the central nervous system. Studies in animals generally have not reported effects on the gastrointestinal system following intermediate and chronic inhalation exposures to 25 ppm... 

Autonomic neuropathy Autonomic nervous disruption or deregulation affecting the cardiovascular, urogenital, gastrointestinal systems symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, tachycardia and hypertension (aka visceral neuropathy). 

Xerostomia, and general decrease in exocrine secretions constipation, due to the inhibition of the actions of acetylcholine on the gastrointestinal system dyspepsia tachycardia and anginal pain, due to an increase in contractile force of cardiac muscle. In addition, common adverse effects include urticaria, flushing of the skin, photophobia, thirst, nausea and vomiting, leukocytosis, fever, and urinary retention secondary to decreased tone and amplitude of contractions of the ureters and bladder. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Acute Risks irritation of eyes, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract and skin gastrointestinal effects vomiting headaches pulmonary edema Chronic Risks effects on liver, eyes, kidneys, CNS and immune system may alter genetic material can cause male reproductive effects known carcinogen. 

ACUTE HEALTH RISKS irritation of eyes, nose and throat dizziness headache nausea vomiting diarrhea circulatory collapse breathing difficulty cyanosis tremors weakness convulsions anemia elevated, itchy patches of skin cardiovascular effects effects on the gastrointestinal system effects on the musculoskeletal system. 

Problems with the gastrointestinal system can be vomiting, ingesting toxins, diarrhea, constipation, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Each is treatable with the proper medication. In this chapter, you ll leam about common gastrointestinal disorders and the medications that are frequently prescribed... 

Ethylene chlorohydrin is a severe acute poison. The target organs are CNS, cardiovascular system, kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal system. The symptoms of acute toxicity are respiratory distress, paralysis, brain damage, nausea, and vomiting. In addition, ethylene chlorohydrin can cause glutathione depletion in liver and formation of polyuria in kidney. 

B. Gastrointestinal system. Exposure to 100 R or more usually produces nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea within a few hours. After exposure to 600 rad or more, loss of integrity of the Gl mucosal layer results in... 

Gastrointestinal system Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Anorexia Stomatitis (waste buildup) Bleeding (waste buildup, impaired clotting) Parenteral nutrition (if indicated) Enteral nutrition (if indicated) Dietary restriction of potassium (40 mEq or as ordered), sodium, phosphate based on values of labwork Protein intake based on need (0.6-2 g/kg/day)... 

Gastrointestinal. Lead may also affect the gastrointestinal system producing abdominal colic or diffuse abdominal pain, constipation, obstipation, diarrhea, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Lead colic rarely develops at blood lead levels below 80 [ig/dl. 

---