Genitourinary system

Urinary calculi are frequent concomitants of vitamin A deficiency. The epithelium of the urinary tract shares in the general pathological changes of all epithelial structures. Epithelial debris thus may provide the nidus around which a calculus is formed. Abnormalities of reproduction include impairment of spermatogenesis, degeneration of testes, abortion, resorption of fetuses, and production of malformed offspring. 

The intestinal mucosa shows a reduction in the number of goblet cells without keratinization. Alterations in intestinal epithelium and metaplasia of pancreatic ductal epithelium are common. They may be responsible for the diarrhea occasionally seen in vitamin A deficiency. 

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Antiemetics and antivertigo drag s are used cautiously in patients with glaucoma or obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal or genitourinary system, those with renal or hepatic dysfunction, and in older men with possible prostatic hypertrophy. Piromethazine is used cautiously in patients with hypertension, sleep apnea, or epilepsy. Trimethobenzamide is used cautiously in children with a viral illness because it may increase the risk of Reye s syndrome... 

Smooth muscle is distributed throughout the body, largely around hollow structures such as blood vessels, the gastrointestinal tract and the genitourinary system. Normal function requires that the smooth muscles contract and relax at appropriate times, and abnormalities of contraction underlie such important pathologies as hypertension, incontinence and abnormal childbirth. Since contraction is initiated by an increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration then normal function requires appropriate Ca2+ handling. 

G Genitourinary system and sex hormones 580-629 Diseases of the genitourinary system... 

Genitourinary system (nephrologic— glomemlonephritis, chronic renal failure urological— benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis)... 

N.A. Silicic acid, silicates, flavonoids, phenolic acid, nicotine, sterols.100 Regeneration of connective tissue, clotting agent, astringent effect on genitourinary system. 

Trichomoniasis. Infection by protozoa usually affecting the genitourinary system. Trypanosomiasis. Infection of the blood of man or animals in tropical countries by protozoa transmitted by blood sucking insects. Examples are African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. Trypanocide a drug for the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Vasomotor relaxation. Relaxation of the walls of blood vessels. 

Gastrointestinal system Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Constipation Dry mouth Respiratory system Bronchospasm Cough suppression Respiratory depression Cardiovascular system Palpitations Changes in pulse rate Changes in blood pressure Orthostatic hypotension Circulatory depression Genitourinary system Reduced libido Urinary retention or hesitancy Oliguria... 

Stimulates pancreatic secretion of HCO3, enzymes, and insulin reduces gastric and duodenal motihty, iniiibits gastrin release and gastric acid secretion Relaxes smooth muscle of gut, blood, and genitourinary system increases water and electrolyte secretion from pancreas and gut releases hormones from pancreas, gut, and hypothalamus... 

VIP has a large number of ill-defined physiological actions, some of which are shared with other similar polypeptide hormones (secretin and GIF). It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and autonomic nervous systems and causes vasodilation and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the circulatory and genitourinary systems and the gut. Other actions of VIP include an increase of water and electrolyte secretion from the pancreas and gut release of hormones from the pancreas, gut, and hypothalamus stimulation of lipolysis, glycolysis, and bile flow and inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion. Most of the actions of VIP tend to be of short duration because of its rapid degradation. 

Defects in the structures of laminin 5 or laminin 6 (proteins that contribute to the cohesion of the dermis and epidermis) lead to the disorder referred to as junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB). In this disorder, there can be severe spontaneous blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. A severe form of the disease, JEB gravis, is often fatal early in life. Death occurs as a result of epithelial blistering of the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. 

Gastrointestinal system—nausea, vomiting, increased appetite, weight gain, and peptic ulcer Genitourinary system—amenorrhea and irregular menses ... 

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