Gas development

The following section outlines some of the current environmental concerns in the world s mature oil and gas development areas. 

If the well is completed for production it is classified as an oil or gas development well. If the well is not completed for production, it is classified as a dry development hole. 

Everett, B. M., Eisenberg, B., and Baumann, R. F., Advanced Gas Conversion Technology A New Option for Natural Gas Development, presented at the First Doha Conference on Natural Gas, Doha, Qatar (1995)... 

The Institute for Gas Technology (IGT) gasifier (also called (Ren)U-Gas, developed at IGT, United States)... 

A tank contains pressurized gas. Develop an equation describing the gas pressure as a function of time if the tank develops a leak. Assume choked flow and a constant tank gas temperature of T0. 

CADRE A process for removing and oxidizing volatile organic compounds from gas streams. The compounds are adsorbed on a fixed bed of carbon and then desorbed by a stream of hot air or inert gas. Developed by Vard International, a division of Calgon Carbon Corporation. 

Carl Still (2) A process for removing hydrogen sulfide from coke oven gas by scrubbing with aqueous ammonia, itself derived from coke oven gas. Developed in the 1970s by Firma Carl Still, Germany. Operated at the ARMCO steel mill at Middleton, OH. See also Diamox, Still. 

Cycloversion A petroleum treatment process which combined catalytic reforming with hydrodesulfurization. The catalyst was bauxite. The process differed from the Houdry process in that the catalyst bed temperature was controlled by injecting an inert gas. Developed by the Phillips Petroleum Company and used in the United States in the 1940s. Pet. Refin., 1960, 39(9), 205. 

Fu maks-Rhodaks A combination of the Fumaks and Rhodaks processes for removing both hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide from coke-oven gas. Developed by the Osaka Gas Company and marketed by Sumitomo Chemical Engineering Company. 

Katasulf A process for removing hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from coke-oven gas, developed by IG Farbenindustrie in Germany in the 1920s. The basic reaction involved is the catalyzed oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide and water at approximately 420°C ... 

Lignol [Lignin phenol] A catalytic process for hydrogenating lignin to a mixture of phenol, benzene, and fuel gas. Developed by Hydrocarbon Research. See also Noguchi. 

PetroFlux A refrigeration process for removing liquid hydrocarbons from natural gas. Developed by Costain Engineering. Twenty three plants had been operating by 1992. Hydrocarbon Process., 1996, 75(4), 132. 

Petrogas A thermal cracking process for converting heavy petroleum fractions to fuel gas. Developed by Gasco. 

SPD [Slurry phase distillate] A process for making diesel fuel, kerosene, and naphtha from natural gas. Developed by Sasol and first commercialized in South Africa in 1993. A joint venture with Haldor Topsoe for the further development and commercialization of the process was announced in 1996. Commercialization in Nigeria was announced in 1998. 

The Hydrocarbon Processing Industry (HPI), has traditionally been reluctant to invest capital where an immediate direct return on the investment to the company is not obvious, as would any business enterprise. Additionally financial fire losses in the petroleum and related industries were relatively small up to about the 1950 s. This was due to the small size of facilities and the relatively low value of oil and gas to the volume of production. Until 1950, a fire or explosion loss of more than 5 million U. S. Dollars had not occurred in the refining industry in the USA. Also in this period, the capital intensive offshore oil exploration and production industry were only just beginning. The use of gas was also limited early in the century. Consequentially its value was also very low. Typically production gas was immediately flared or the well was capped and considered as an uneconomical reservoir. Since gas development was limited, large vapor explosions were relatively rare and catastrophic destruction from petroleum incidents was essentially unheard of. The outlays for petroleum industry safety features were traditionally the absolute minimum required by governmental regulations. The development of loss prevention philosophies and practices were therefore not effectively developed within the industry. 

Temperature of Explosive Decomposition 300° Temperature of Explosion 2700° Heat of Explosion 740cal/g, Specific Pressure 3250 atm/kg Volume of Gas Developed on Explosion, calcd at STP 325 liters/kg Trauzl Test value 30-40cc Impact Sensitivity with 2kg Weight 70cm and Velocity of Detonation 1400m/sec (See also Ref 28, p 345)... 

Tabun (GA) o-Ethyl dimethylamidophosphorylcyanide first nerve gas, developed in 1936 at I.G. Farben, Germany easy to manufacture since the necessary chemicals are available in the open market. 

MF+KC103+Sb2Sa, (serving as a propint) and a small lead bullet. The ignition of mixt is caused by the compression of the rim of the case against the breech of the barrel when it.is struck fcy the hammer of the firing mechanism. The pressure of gas developed in the cartridge is sufficient to propel the bullet a few yards... 

The first major source of recovered sulfur from H2S containing natural gas was the Lacq field in southern France developed by SNPA in the mid 1950 s. This 15% H2S containing gas stream was the forerunner of many subsequent sour gas developments around the world. In the early days of sour gas production the major product sought after was the methane hydrogen sulfide and... 

Hinwood, J.B., Poots, A.E., Dennis, L.R., Carey, J.M., Houridis, H., Bell, R.J., Thomson, J.R., Boudreau, P. and Ayling, A.M. (1994) Environmental implications of drilling activities, in Environmental Implications of Offshore Oil and Gas Development in Australia—The Finding of an Independent Scientific Review (eds J.M. Swan, J.M. Neff and P.C Young), Australian Petroleum Exploration Association, Sydney, pp. 123—207. 

Neff, J.M., Rabalis, N.N. and Boesch, B.F. (1987) Offshore oil and gas development activities potentially causing long-term environmental effects, in Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development (eds D.F. Boesch and... 

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