Lignin phenolics

Organophilic polyphenolic materials for oil-based drilling fluids have been described [407], The additives are prepared from a polyphenolic material and one or more phosphatides. The phosphatides are phosphoglycerides obtained from vegetable oils, preferably commercial lecithin. Humic acids, ligno-sulfonic acid, lignins, phenolic condensates, tannins the oxidized, sulfonated, or sulfomethylated derivatives of these polyphenolic materials may serve as polyphenolic materials. 

Polyphenolic materials prepared from a polyphenolic material (humic acids, lignosulfonic acid, lignins, phenolic condensates, tannins) and phosphatides (lecithin) - [407]... 

Lignol [Lignin phenol] A catalytic process for hydrogenating lignin to a mixture of phenol, benzene, and fuel gas. Developed by Hydrocarbon Research. See also Noguchi. 

The presence of lignin structural units was confirmed by retention time data and by comparisons of mass spectra to library spectra, to spectra of authentic standards, and to published mass spectra of lignin phenols Fill. 

Relative rigidity vs. temperature curves of LP s are shown in Figure 4 in comparison with a commercial phenolic resin. The pH of these resins was previously adjusted to around 10.8. The phenolic resin is fully cured at around 75°C. By contrast, the curves of the three lignin-based resins exhibit slower cure as compared to the phenolic resin. The retardation increases as the charge ratio of formaldehyde increases. Some retardation had already been found, but neglected, for the phenolated lignin/phenol-formaldehyde resins (12). In this study, the neat phenolated SEL was used for resin preparation. It can be concluded that phenolated steam explosion lignin-based resins have an intrinsically retarded cure behavior as compared to phenolic resin at the same pH. 

The most likely lignin condensation reaction during the kraft cook is the formation of diphenylmethane structures 29, 30). These structures are also proposed 14) as being already present in native lignin. Phenolic diphenylmethanes do not exhibit any color, but they can easily be dehydrogenated to quinonemethides 20, 23) or quinonemethide radicals (P). 

Tannin and lignin Phenol derivative of tungsto- and molybdophosphoric acid 700... 

Martin, J. R, and Haider, K. (1980). Microbial degradation and stabilization of 14C-labeled lignins, phenols, and phenolic polymers in relation to soil humus formation In Lignin Biodegradation Microbiology Chemistry and Potential Applications, Vol. II. Kent-Kirk, T., Higuchi, T., and Chang, H., eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 77-100. 

Martin, J. P., and Haider, K. (1979). Biodegradation of 14C-labeled model and cornstalk lignins, phenols, model phenolase humic polymers, and fungal melanins as influenced by a readily available carbon source and soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38, 283-289. 

Figure 9.48 Lignin-phenol concentrations in (a) water column POC and (b) the syringyl-to-vanillyl (S/V) and cinnamyl-to-vanillyl (C/V) ratios of POC at stations in the Baltic Sea from Lulealven River (Lu) to Baltic proper (Bp)—situated from the head (north) to the mouth (south) of the estuary. Other stations are An = Angermanalven BB = Bothnian Bay BSN = Bothnian Sea north BSS = Bothnian Sea south. (Modified from Bianchi et al., 1997.)...

Bianchi, T.S., Lambert, C.D., Santschi, P.H., and Guo, L. (1997b) Sources and transport of land-derived particulate and dissolved organic matter in the Gulf of Mexico (Texas shelf/slope) the use of lignin-phenols and loliolides as biomarkers. Org. Geochem. 27, 65-78. 

Bianchi, T.S., Rolfe, C., and Lambert, C.D. (1997d) Sources and composition of particulate organic carbon in the Baltic Sea the use of plant pigments and lignin-phenols as biomarkers. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 156, 25-31. 

Keil, R.G., Tsamakis, E., Giddings, J.C. and Hedges, J.I. (1998) Biochemical distributions (amino acids, neutral sugars, and lignin phenols) among size-classes of modem marine sediments from the Washington coast. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 1347-1364. 

Moran, M.A., Wicks, R.J., and Hodson, R.E. (1991) Export of dissolved organic matter from a mangrove swamp ecosystem evidence from natural fluorescence, dissolved lignin phenols, and bacterial secondary production. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 76, 175-184. 

Onstad, G.D., Canfield, D.E., Quay, P.D., and Hedges, J.I. (2000) Sources of particulate organic matter in rivers from the continental USA lignin phenol and stable carbon isotope compositions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 3539-3546. 

Liu J, Yang F, Xian M et al (2001) Molecular weight and distribution of the copolymer of lignin/phenol in the copolymerization catalyzed by peroxidase. Macromol Chem Phys 202 840-848... 

Blinkovsky AM, Dordick JS (1993) Peroxidase-catalyzed synthesis of lignin-phenol copolymers. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 31 1839-1846... 

Fate of Ammonium Ion During Lignin Phenolation. Aliquots (1-5 g) of the reaction products were then diluted with water (200 mL) and analyzed for their ammonium ion content. The procedure comprised treatment with an aqueous solution of NaOH (20% w/v, 100 mL), distillation with collection of the distillate (175 mL) in an aqueous solution of boric acid (4% w/v, 50 mL), and titration with a standard solution of sulfuric acid. The results obtained are compiled in Table I. 

Effects of Phenol-Formaldehyde Copolymer on Gluebond Performance of Lignin-Phenolic Resin Systems... 

The bond performances of lignin-phenolic resin systems were studied through a series of experiments, each designed to elucidate a facet of the problem. The resin preparation and panel fabrication procedures were, however, maintained as uniformly as possible. Thus, unless otherwise specified, the experimental procedures described below were used in the study. 

Blending of Lignin-Phenolic Resin System. The methylolated lignin was blended with the phenolic resins at a solid weight ratio of 75/25 and at room temperature. The mixture was mechanically stirred for 15 minutes. The gel time, pH, and solids content were determined for each resin system. 

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