Hydrocarbon processing industry

The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) was established in 1985 by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AICliE) for the express purpose of assisting the Chemical and Hydrocarbon Process Industries in avoiding or mitigating catastrophic chemical accidents. To achieve this goal, CCPS has focused its work in four areas ... 

Compressor Handbook for the Hydrocarbon Processing Industries, Gulf Publishing Co., 1979. 

Compressor Handbook for Hydrocarbon Processing Industries, Houston, TX Gulf Publishing Company, 1979. 

Rassman, F, H., Design Specification and Accessories, Compnwo/ Handbook for the Hydrocarbon Processing Industries, Houston, TX (lulf Publishing Company, 1979, pp. 40-Al,... 

Dimoplan, W., What Process Engineers Need to Know about Gompressors, Compressor Handbook for the Hydrocarbon Processing Industries, Hydro Proc, Gulf Publishing Go., Book Division. (1979). 

Instone, B. T. 1989. Losses in the Hydrocarbon Process Industries. Proceedings of 6th Int. Symposium Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Chemical Industries, Oslo, pp. 119-8. 

The Hydrocarbon Processing Industry (HPI), has traditionally been reluctant to invest capital where an immediate direct return on the investment to the company is not obvious, as would any business enterprise. Additionally financial fire losses in the petroleum and related industries were relatively small up to about the 1950 s. This was due to the small size of facilities and the relatively low value of oil and gas to the volume of production. Until 1950, a fire or explosion loss of more than 5 million U. S. Dollars had not occurred in the refining industry in the USA. Also in this period, the capital intensive offshore oil exploration and production industry were only just beginning. The use of gas was also limited early in the century. Consequentially its value was also very low. Typically production gas was immediately flared or the well was capped and considered as an uneconomical reservoir. Since gas development was limited, large vapor explosions were relatively rare and catastrophic destruction from petroleum incidents was essentially unheard of. The outlays for petroleum industry safety features were traditionally the absolute minimum required by governmental regulations. The development of loss prevention philosophies and practices were therefore not effectively developed within the industry. 

The scope of this book is to provide a practical knowledge and guidance in the understanding of prevention and mitigation principals and methodologies from the effects of hydrocarbon fires and explosions. The Chemical Process Industry (CPI), presents several different concerns that this book does not intend to address. However the basic protection features of the Hydrocarbon Process Industry (HPI) are also applicable to the chemical process industry and other related process industries. 

Besides the difference in the expressions for activity coefficients and other thermodynamic properties from those published and used by the hydrocarbon processing industries, it is more important to realize the need to describe the ionic and... 

Many books, reviews and treatises have been pubUshed on related subjects [1-7]. Thus the objective of this chapter is the deUneation of the key features of the catalytic surface and the process conditions which enable better control of the reaction pathways for more efficient and environmentally friendly processes and minimal utiHzation of precious natural resources. As it stands today, hundreds of known framework types have been synthesized and scaled-up [8], but only a handful have found significant application in the hydrocarbon processing industries. They are zeolite Y and its many variants, ZSM-5, Mordenite and zeohte Beta. Other very important crystalline materials (including aluminophosphates (ALPOs),... 

While the implementation of risk management systems may vary from company to company, they are a fundamental activity in the chemical, petrochemical, and hydrocarbon processing industries. A company s approach to risk management reflects its beliefs and values. 

The history of incidents within the chemical, petrochemical and hydrocarbon processing industries indicates the following general truths ... 

API-NPRA Conference, 1980, American Petroleum Institute and National Petroleum Refiners Association. Solid waste practices under RCRA in the hydrocarbon processing industry, pp. 133-174. Dallas API-NPRA. 

Since distillation is the method used most widely for separating mixtures of liquids in the chemical-and hydrocarbon processing industries, we will examine this unit operation particularly and make some critical observations for the gas-liquid absorption. 

Houk, B. G. Kelly, D. N. Davenport, S. L. and Fatora HI, F. C., "Closed-Loop Plant-Wide Optimization and Advanced Control Technologies Capture Many Benefits", Paper Presented at the International Conference on Productivity and Quality in the Hydrocarbon Processing Industry (1992). 

The present paper discusses laboratory catalytic tests in the latter context, dealing mostly with fixed-bed processes that are applied in the hydrocarbon processing industry. More specifically, the consequences and limitations of scale reduction of laboratory tests will be examined. 

In many processes of interest to the hydrocarbon processing industry the size and shape of the catalyst has been chosen as a compromise between catalyst effectiveness and pressure drop. Hence, with effectiveness factors for the main reaction somewhat below 1, intraparticle pore diffusion is generally a factor to be reckoned with. Its effect is not easily quantified since the processing of a practical feedstock involves the conversion of a large variety of molecules with widely different reaction rates and therefore the translation of catalyst performance data obtained with crushed particles to that of the actual catalyst may be difficult and of questionable validity. 

Microflow reactors as shown in Figures 21 and 22 are now capable of generating most of the catalytic performance data for fixed-bed processes applied in the hydrocarbon process industry, a task that some 25 years ago had to be reserved for large pilot plants with catalyst volumes of 10 L or more which required tank farms and gas holders and even on-site production of hydrogen to enable their operation. 

C. H. Rhee, P. C. Martyn, and J. G. Kremer, Removal of oil and grease in the hydrocarbon processing industry, in Proceedings of the 42nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, West Lafayette, IN, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, 1987, pp. 143. 

Summary This chapter describes metals commonly used ill the chemical and hydrocarbon processing industries. It helps the specifier, procurer, receiver and field user to understand how substitutions my occur and when to flag potential problems with serious consequences. 

Promoters function in several ways to increase the conversion/yield in catalytic processes and enhance the selectivity towards desired products and the stability of the catalysts. These improvements, often realised at few percentage levels, contribute significantly towards the process economics. Since the cost of the feedstocks constitute 70 % of the cost of products in hydrocarbon processing industry, processes with improved selectivity is the need of the day and it is here that promoters have a mojor role to play. ... 

The primary use for ball valves in the hydrocarbon processing industry is for valve applications under 400°F and pressures less than 4,000 psi, although with graphite seats they could be operated at temperatures as high as 1,000°F. 

Base prices are given in Figure 9-1 only for those valves used most frequently in the hydrocarbon processing industry. For example, in gate valves probably 95 to 98% of all applications are in the 150-lb. through 600-pound series and in 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12-inch sizes. 

The Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation is rapidly gaining acceptance by the hydrocarbon processing industry. Further developments, such as that of Peng and Robinson,are likely to improve predictions of liquid density and phase equilibria in the critical region. In general however, use of such equations appears to be limited to relatively small, nonpolar molecules. Calculations of phase equilibria with the S-R-K equations require initial estimates of the phase compositions. 

According to J H Marsh and McLennan, Inc., in the hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) market data 2000 report (34), approximately 45% of large losses are because of mechanical failure of equipment. Equipment such as piping, tanks, reactors, process drums and towers, pumps and compressors, heat exchangers, heaters, and boilers fail regularly. 

Market Data Report Special Report on Hydrocarbon Processing Industry, Hydrocarbon Magazine, Nov 1999. 

Applications of Urea-Based Selective Noncatatytic Reduction in Hydrocarbon Processing Industry... 

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