Gas chromatography Flame ionisation detection

Ballschmiter K, Zoller W, Schafer W, Class T (1985), Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 321 247-251. Quantitation of polychlorodibenzodioxin and polychlorobiphenyl standards by gas-chromatography-flame ionisation detection"... 

For most GC-based methods, TPH is defined as any compound extractable by a solvent or gas and detectable by gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection... 

Millan, E. and Pawliszyn, J., Determination of butyltin species in water and sediment by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 873, 63-71, 2000. 

Ylinen et al. [53] developed an ion-pair extraction procedure employing tetrabutylamonium (TBA) counter ions for determination of PFOA in plasma and urine in combination with gas chromatography (GC) and flame ionisation detection (FID). Later on, Hansen et al. [35] improved the sensitivity of the ion-pair extraction approach using methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and by the inclusion of a filtration step to remove solids from the extract making it amenable to liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination. Ion-pair extraction procedure has been the basis of several procedures for biota [49,54-58] and food samples [50,59,60]. However, this method has shown to have some limitations, such as (1) co-extraction of lipids and other matrix constituents and the absence of a clean-up step to overcome the effects of matrix compounds and (2) the wide variety of recoveries observed, typically ranging. 

Low, N.H. and Hammond, D.A. (1996) Detection of high fiuctose syrup from inulin in apple juice by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection . Fruit Processing 4, 135-41. 

Commonly used methods for the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil are modifications of the EPA method 418.1, which uses sonication or Soxhlet extraction to separate the hydrocarbons from the soil prior to either infrared spectroscopy [ 1 ] or gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection [2,3]. 

Soulages, N. L. Simultaneous determination of lead alkyls and halide scavengers in gasoline by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection. Anal. Chem. 38, 28(1966). 

Gas chromatography has found some applications in the determination of simple aromatics in water. Mel kanovitskaya [31] has described a method for determining C6-C8 aromatics in subterranean waters. In this method the sample (25-50mL) is adjusted to pH8-9 and extracted for 3min with 0.5 or l.OmL of nitrobenzene the extract is washed with 0.3mL of 5% hydrochloric acid or 5% sodium hydroxide solution and with 0.3mL of water adjusted to pH7. The purified extract is subjected to gas chromatography at 85°C on a column (lm><4mm) packed with 15% of polyoxyethylene glycol 2000 on Celite 545 (60-80 mesh) and operated with nitrogen (lOmL min ) as carrier gas, decane as internal standard and flame ionisation detection. 

The working principle is as follows The level of butadiene in a food or food simulant is determined by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) with automated sample injection and by flame ionisation detection (FID). Quantification is achieved using an internal standard (n-pentane) with calibration against relevant food simulant samples fortified with known amounts of butadiene. Confirmation of butadiene levels is car-... 

The hydrocarbon oil index within PLC-4 was determined in accordance with the draft standard ISO/DIS 9377-4, which has recently been adopted as ISO/FDIS 9377-2 [2], Briefly, water samples are extracted with n-hexane or petroleum ether. After clean-up of the extracts on a Florisil column, hydrocarbons are detected and quantified by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC-FID, Fig. 1). 

The retention volume has been reported377 for triethyl and tetraethyl silanes on columns packed with silanized Chromosorb W supporting 20% of Apiezon L or 15% of Carbowax 20 M and operated at 120 and 90 °C, respectively, using helium as carrier gas and thermal conductivity or flame ionisation detection. Measurements were also carried out by gas-solid chromatography on columns of Carbochrom-1 (graphitized thermal carbon black with 0.1% of Apiezon L) or Silochrom C-80. 

Gas chromotagraphy with flame-ionisation detection 22 Gel permeation chromatography 19-20, 22 Generic Exposure Scenarios 81-83 CHS Converter 51... 

Analysis methods for the determination of hydroperoxides and hydroxyhydro-peroxides in reaction mixtures were developed and applied to photolysis mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyls, alcohols and halogenated hydrocarbons. HPLC with chemiluminescence, electrochemical and fluorescence detection was used for selective detection of hydroperoxides and hydroxohydro-peroxides and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and flame ionisation detection for the analysis of all reaction products. 

Edkins and co-workers [34] have described a direct capillary GC method to monitor residual methylmethacrylate in polymethylmethacrylate. A short (5 m) crosslinked methyl silicone fused-silica capillary column with flame ionisation detection gave good separation efficiency and parts per million detection limits. Capillary gas-liquid chromatography was superior to packed column analysis (SP 1000) in terms of both analytical utility and ease of use. 

Results are presented of experiments in which HPLC/UV spectrophotometry and gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection were used to determine the free sulphur content of polyisoprene vulcanisates. Detection was enhanced by reacting sulphur with triphenylphosphine to form triphenylphosphine monosulphide. 24 refs. 

Detectors. The function of the detector in HPLC is to monitor the mobile phase as it emerges from the column. The detection process in liquid chromatography has presented more problems than in gas chromatography there is, for example no equivalent to the universal flame ionisation detector of gas chromatography for use in liquid chromatography. Suitable detectors can be broadly divided into the following two classes ... 

Ethanol production in the fermentation process was detected with gas chromatography, HP 5890 series II (Hewlett-Packard, Avondale, PA, USA) equipped with a flame ionisation detector (FID) and GC column Porapak QS (Alltech Associates Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA) 100/120 mesh. The oven and detector temperature were 175 and 185 °C, respectively. Nitrogen gas was used as a carrier. Isopropanol was used as an internal standard. 

After passing through the column, the separated solutes are sensed by an in-line detector. The output of the detector is an electrical signal, the variation of which is displayed on a potentiometric recorder, a computing integrator or a vdu screen. Most of the popular detectors in hplc are selective devices, which means that they may not respond to all of the solutes that are present in a mixture. At present there is no universal detector for hplc that can compare with the sensitivity and performance of the flame ionisation detector used in gas chromatography. Some solutes are not easy to detect in hplc, and have to be converted into a detectable form after they emerge from the column. This approach is called post-column derivatisation. 

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