Butyltin species

Chau, Y.K., R.J. Maguire, P.T.S. Wong, B.A. Glen, G.A. Bengert, and R.J. Tkacz. 1984. Occurrence of methyltin and butyltin species in environmental samples in Ontario. Natl. Water Res. Inst. Rep. 8401. 25 pp. Avail, from Dep. Environment, Canada Centre for Inland Waters Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7R 4A6. 

Maguire, R.J. and R.J. Tkacz. 1985. Degradation of the tri-n-butyltin species in water and sediment from Toronto Harbor. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 33 947-953. 

P. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, M. Monperrus, J. I. Garcia Alonso, D. Amouroux and O. F. X. Donard, Comparison of different numerical approaches for multiple spiking species-specific isotope dilution analysis exemplified by the determination of butyltin species in sediments, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 22, 2007, 1373-1382. 

In the work of McLaren et al. [95] butyltin species in the certified reference harbour sediment, PACS-1 were separated by cation-exchange. TBT and DBT species were speciated with a Whatman SCX column and a step gradient elution of 0.3 M ammonium acetate in 60 40 methanol water in which the pH was altered from 6 to 3 after 1 min elution. The limits of detection reported for TBT and DBT in sediment samples were 5 ngg-1 and 12 ngg, respectively. 

Maguire RJ, Huneault H. 1981. Determination of butyltin species in water by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. J Chromatogr 209 458-462. 

Maguire RJ, Tkacz RJ, Sartor DL. 1985. Butyltin species and inorganic tin in water and sediment of the Detroit and St. Clair Rivers. J Great Lakes Res 11 320-327. 

Scott, B.F., Chau, Y. and Rais-Firouz, A. (1991) Determination of butyltin species by GC/atomic emission spectroscopy. Appl. Organomet. Chem., 5, 151-157. 

A differential pulse CSV method for the determination of traces of butyltin species in water was compared with two other voltammetric methods, namely differential pulse polarography and ASV (Schwartz et at., 1995). The butyltin species were accumulated on the mercury drop electrode as their tropolone complexes. Detection limits were 5 mg 1 1 for tributyltin (TBT), 0.5 mgl-1 for dibutyltin (DBT) and 0.5 mgl-1 for monobutyltin (MBT). These detection limits were better than the corresponding values obtained in the other analytical methods. 

Chau, Y.K., Zhang, S. and Maguire, R.J. (1992) Determination of butyltin species in sewage and sludge by gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectrometry. Analyst, 117, 1161-1164. 

Unger et al. [217] determined butyltins in non saline water by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection and confirmation by mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with tropalone in //-hexane and organotin compounds derivatised with n-hexyl magnesium bromide to form tetraalkyltins. The n-hexyl derivatives of methyltin and butyltin species were easily separated and quantified relative to an internal standard (triphenyltin chloride) which was not found to be present in environmental samples and did not interfere. 

Prieto, A., Zuloaga, O., Usobiaga, A., Etxebarria, N., Fernandez, L.A., Marcic, C., de Diego, A. Simultaneous speciation of methylmercury and butyltin species in environmental samples by headspace-stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1185, 130-138 (2008)... 

The homogeneity of the three butyltin species (MBT, DBT and TBT) was found to be sufficient at a level of 500 mg and above. In the case of phenyltin species, however, the homogeneity of the compounds was found to be acceptable at the time of the sample... 

Oysters and cockles Lyophilization (drying procedure) allows butyltin species to be stable if stored at — 20° C and in the dark 150 days 5... 

Carpinterio Botana, J., Rodnguez Pereiro, I., and Cela Torrijos, R., Rapid determination of butyltin species in water samples by multicapiUary GC with atomic emission detection following headspace solid-phase microextraction, J. Chromatogr. A, 963, 195-203, 2002. 

Millan, E. and Pawliszyn, J., Determination of butyltin species in water and sediment by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 873, 63-71, 2000. 

The ranges of organotin contents found in the mussel candidate CRM are representative of medium to high contamination levels, ie. 700 to 1000 ig kg for each butyltin species, 1000 to 1500 pg kg for MPhT and TPhT and below 50 pg kg for DPhT. 

Figure 8.18 Possible interconversion reactions involving inorganic Sn(IV) and the butyltin species TBT, DBT, and MBT. Reproduced with permission from [92].

Butyltin species tend to concentrate within the liver and muscles of mammals. There appears to be a lack of difference in butyltin concentrations between sexes and there is a lack of age dependence probably due to a relatively rapid excretion or blood purification. ... 

Most literature reports have utilized some type of pre-injection deriva-tization for TBT and the other butyltin species. Such approaches have generally used hydridization or alkylation, in order to provide improved GC performance characteristics for the original species. Improvements in the off-column derivatization methods generally reported have quite recently used reaction GC to form the hydrides of TBT and its analogs prior to FPD detection [62-64]. This remains an entirely feasible, continuous, and automatable approach to perform on-column reactions in GC, especially for compounds such as TBT which can readily form metal/element hydrides. 

Meinema et al. [213] have described a sensitive and interference-free method for the simultaneous determination of tri-, di- and mono-butyltin species in the aqueous systems at tin concentrations of 0.01-5pg L. The species are concentrated from hydrobromic acid solutions into an organic solvent by extraction with 0.05% tropolene in benzene in the presence of... 

---