Gas chromatography-atomic emission spectroscopy

However, the combined techniques GC-UV and GC-AES have not gained much importance in the eld of essential oil research, since UV spectra offer only low information and the coupling of a GC AES, yielding the exact elemental composition of a component, can to some extent be obtained by precise mass measurement. Nevertheless, the online coupling GC-AES is still today ef ciently used in environmental investigations. 

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M. Mazurek, Z. Witkiewicz, S. Popiel andM. Sli-wakowski, Capillary gas chromatography-atomic emission spectroscopy-mass spectrometry analysis of sulfur mustard and transformation products in a block recovered from Baltic sea, J. Chromatogr. A, 919, 133-145 (2001). 

The detection of vanadium, nickel, and porphyrins in crude oils were analyzed by high-temperature gas chromatography-atomic emission spectroscopy (HT-GC-AES), presenting characteristic metal distribu-... 

Quimby, B.D, Diyden, P.C. Sullivan, J.J. (1991), A selective detection of volatile nickel, vanadium and iron porphyrins in crude oils by gas chromatography atomic emission spectroscopy, /. High Res. Chromatogr., 14,110-116. 

Fig. 2. Separation and analysis of polyaromatic sulfur-containing compounds (PASC). Oils 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3 were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED). Reproduced from Ref. 12, with permission.

A range of chromatographic techniques coupled to element specific detectors has been used in speciation studies to separate individual organometallic species (e.g., butyltins, arsenic species) and to separate metals bovmd to various biomolecules. The combination of a chromatographic separation with varying instrumental detection systems are commonly called coupled, hybrid, or hyphenated techniques (e.g., liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), gas chromatography-atomic absorption spectroscopy (GC-AAS)). The detection systems used in coupled techniques include MS, ICP-MS, atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), AAS, ICP-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and atomic emission detection (AED). 

The neutral surfactant is measured after fixing of the ionic substances on a combined anionic/cationic ion exchange column. Volatile substances in the eluate are determined by gas chromatography and nonvolatile substances are measured gravimetrically. In the bulk of the neutral compounds phosphoric acid triesters may be present. This part is additionally determined by atom emission spectroscopy. 

NMR) [24], and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy [25] are commonly applied methods. Analysis using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques has been achieved with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), with chemical ionisation (Cl) often more informative than conventional electron impact (El) ionisation [26]. For the qualitative and quantitative characterisation of silicone polyether copolymers in particular, SEC, NMR, and FT-IR have also been demonstrated as useful and informative methods [22] and the application of high-temperature GC and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is also described [5]. 

Tin is readily measured in multielement analyses of air, water, and solid waste samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. For individual analyses of tin, direct aspiration atomic absorption spectroscopy is usually used. Organotin can be extracted from environmental samples and determined by atomic spectrometric methods or gas chromatography, usually after derivatization. 

AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry GC/FID = gas chromatography/f1ame ignition detector GC/FPD = gas chromatography/f1ame photometric detector ICP/AES = inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP/MS = inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometric detection... 

A comprehensive review of directly coupled gas chromatography-atomic spectroscopy applications has been published [128]. This review list over 100 references classified according to the detection technique and is highly recommended. Another excellent review outlines the advances in interfacing and plasma detection [130]. A review of the gas chromatographic detection of selected trace elements (mercury, lead, tin, selenium, and arsenic) has been published. This article reviews the many different detection methods available including atomic emission techniques [131]. 

Pedersen-Bjergaard, St, Semb, S. I., Vedde, J., Brevik, E. M., and Greibrokk, T., Environmental screening by capillary gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and atomic emission spectroscopy, Chemosphere, 32, 1103-1115, 1996. 

The combination of gas chromatography and atomic emission spectroscopy has been used for element selective investigations. The measurements were carried out with an HP G2350A Atomic emission detector (Hewlett Packard Inc.). For structural elucidation the channels carbon (C), hydrogen (H), arsenic (As), chlorine (Cl), oxygen (O) and sulfur (S) have been investigated. Spectral background correction was performed for elimination of interferences. 

See also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Flame Electrothermal. Atomic Emission Spectrometry Inductively Coupled Plasma. Color Measurement. Forensic Sciences Paints, Varnishes, and Lacquers. Gas Chromatography Pyrolysis. Infrared Spectroscopy Industrial Applications. Liquid Chromatography Size-Exclusion. Paints Water-Based. Spectrophotometry Organic Compounds. X-Ray Absorption and Diffraction X-Ray Diffraction - Powder. X-Ray Fluorescence and Emission Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. 

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