Neutral surfactants

Open-tubular Polymeric surfactants Neutral hydrophilic layer, e.g.,... 

Heat transfer may also be required to maintain isothermal or adiabatic conditions in the presence of endothermic and/or exothermic reactions, as the result of mixing product components, surfactant neutralization, and other chemical reactions. In these cases, heat transfer requirements may be severe to minimize exposure of the bulk fluid to high temperatures for extended time periods, resulting in irreversible thermal degradation. 

Carding Oil A-4 Super. [Takemolo Oil Fat] Nonionic surfactant, neutral oil carding oil... 

Acrylic and styrene-acrylic polymers themselves are goierally considered to be non-toxic. The latexes, however, can be mild skin or eye irritants, which effect is usually ascribed to the stabilizing surfactants, neutralizing bases or other additives. Unless the latexes are taken to high cemversion, residual monomers may also display toxicity. 

The self-assembling process involves noncovalent or weak interactions (van der Waals, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen and coordination bonds, and r-7T stacking). This process corresponds to a variation of reversed pore structures. Most ordered mesoporous materials are derived from the thermodynamically stable and ordered a regates spontaneously driven by the noncovalent interactions between molecules. These aggregates come from the cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants, neutral amines, block copolymers, or their mixtures (Figure 13.1). They are disordered on the atomic or... 

Uses Surfactant, neutral detergent base for hair and bath shampoos, dishwashes, car shampoos, toilet preps., detergents for easy-care fabrics Features Fine-bubble foam... 

Isostearoyl hydrolyzed colagen surfactant, nail polish removers Cocamidopropyl dimethylamine propionate Isostearoyl hydrolyzed collagen surfactant, nail polishes Isostearoyl hydrolyzed collagen surfactant, natural fats hide soaking Atlas EM-30 Atlas EMJ-10 surfactant, natural spermaceti DynacerimSCP surfactant, neat oils Empiphos A5D Empiphos DF1313 Rhodafac PA-32 surfactant, neutral cleaners Berol 784... 

Burcoterge BCY Burcoterge GRN Burcoterge HBC Burcoterge NDG-77 surfactant, neutral metal cleaners Lutensol XL 70 Lutensol XL 80 Luten-sokSXL 90 Lutensol XL 140 surfactant, neutral metallic dyes nylon Nyzist... 

Esumi et al. [65-67] explained the flocculation and redispersion mechanisms by adsorption processes. Low concentrations of anionic surfactants neutralize the positive charge of iron(III) oxide hydrate sols and cause flocculation. The adsorbed anionic surfactant is oriented with its hydrophilic groups toward the particle surface and the hydrophobic groups toward water. If the second addition of a surfactant results in adsorption on the flocculated sols, the sols redisperse. The adsorption is caused by hydrophobic interactions and the surfactant is oriented with its hydrophilic groups toward water. 

Figrue BE 16.20 shows spectra of DQ m a solution of TXlOO, a neutral surfactant, as a function of delay time. The spectra are qualitatively similar to those obtained in ethanol solution. At early delay times, the polarization is largely TM while RPM increases at later delay times. The early TM indicates that the reaction involves ZnTPPS triplets while the A/E RPM at later delay times is produced by triplet excited-state electron transfer. Calculation of relaxation times from spectral data indicates that in this case the ZnTPPS porphyrin molecules are in the micelle, although some may also be in the hydrophobic mantle of the micelle. Furtlier,... 

Fonnation of a complex with a copper cation only further stimulates this behaviour. As a result, S.lg is almost completely bound to the micelles, even at low concentrations of Cu(DS)2. By contrast, the reaction of 5.1 f still benefits from an increasing surfactant concentration at 10 mM of Cu(DS)2. In fact, it is surprising that the reaction of this anionic compound is catalysed at all by an anionic surfactant. Probably it is the copper complex of 5.If, being overall cationic, that binds to the micelle. Not surprisingly, the neutral substrate S.lc shows intermediate behaviour. 

Temporary hair dye products usually are formulated at a neutral or slightly acidic pH. Besides the dyes, the formulations may contain a small amount of a quaternary amine to neutralize the negative charge on the dyes, a fragrance, a small amount of a solvent or surfactant to solubilize the fragrance, and a preservative (Table 6). 

Gravity override of low density steam leads to poor volumetric sweep efficiency and low oil recovery in steam floods. Nonchemical methods of improving steam volumetric sweep efficiency include completing the injection well so steam is only injected in the lower part of the oil-bearing zone (181), alternating the injection of water and steam (182), and horizontal steam injection wells (183,184). Surfactants frequently are used as steam mobihty control agents to reduce gravity override (185). Field-proven surfactants include alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS), alkyltoluene sulfonates, and neutralized... 

Carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, and phosphate ate the polar, solubilizing groups found in most anionic surfactants. In dilute solutions of soft water, these groups ate combined with a 12—15 carbon chain hydrophobe for best surfactant properties. In neutral or acidic media, or in the presence of heavy-metal salts, eg, Ca, the carboxylate group loses most of its solubilizing power. 

Sulfated Natural Oils and Fats. Sulfated natural triglycerides were the first nonsoap commercial surfactants introduced in the middle of the nineteenth century. Since then sulfates of many vegetable, animal, and fish oils have been investigated (see also Fats AND FATTY oils). With its hydroxyl group and a double bond, ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-9,10-octadecenoic acid) is an oil constituent particularly suited for sulfation. Its sulfate is known as turkey-red oil. Oleic acid is also suited for sulfation. Esters of these acids can be sulfated with a minimum of hydrolysis of the glyceride group. Polyunsaturated acids, with several double bonds, lead to dark-colored sulfation products. The reaction with sulfuric acid proceeds through either the hydroxyl or the double bond. The sulfuric acid half ester thus formed is neutralized with caustic soda ... 

In acidic media, amine oxides and anionic surfactants form precipitates the CMC is much greater than in neutral or alkaline media. Change in CMC parallels change from ionic to nonionic form. Amine oxides are stable in formulated detergent products and do not act as oxidizing agents. Composition and function of representative commercial amine oxides are given in Table 26. 

Ethoxylation of alkyl amine ethoxylates is an economical route to obtain the variety of properties required by numerous and sometimes smaH-volume industrial uses of cationic surfactants. Commercial amine ethoxylates shown in Tables 27 and 28 are derived from linear alkyl amines, ahphatic /-alkyl amines, and rosin (dehydroabietyl) amines. Despite the variety of chemical stmctures, the amine ethoxylates tend to have similar properties. In general, they are yellow or amber Hquids or yellowish low melting soHds. Specific gravity at room temperature ranges from 0.9 to 1.15, and they are soluble in acidic media. Higher ethoxylation promotes solubiUty in neutral and alkaline media. The lower ethoxylates form insoluble salts with fatty acids and other anionic surfactants. Salts of higher ethoxylates are soluble, however. Oil solubiUty decreases with increasing ethylene oxide content but many ethoxylates with a fairly even hydrophilic—hydrophobic balance show appreciable oil solubiUty and are used as solutes in the oil phase. 

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