Review outline

This review outlines developments in zinc-mediated cyclopropanation from the initial reports in the 1950s through to the current state of the art methods. The presentation will rely heavily on how the evolution of mechanistic understanding aided in the rationalization and optimization of each new advance in the asymmetric process. 

This review outlines some of the more important pharmacologic and toxicologic principles which have been highlighted by the work of the government, commercial, and university laboratories that have been concerned with this problem (3, 5,13,16). 

This review outlines aspects of the various phases of Swiss chemistry from the introduction of alchemy in Western Europe, its transition to chemistry as a science and profession and the more recent practice. Attention is drawn to the large number of Swiss Nobel Laureates in chemistry and the contributions of Swiss physicists to chemical spectroscopy, from the days of Balmer. In all periods, Swiss chemistry has had European dimensions, and links can be traced to most host countries of previous Euroanalysis conferences and indeed to the next, at Lisbon, in AD 2000... 

X-ray diffraction also of solutions can provide insight into the structures of the dominating complexes present. A review outlines the experimental procedure and the processing of measured data in order to extract the structural information.38... 

Andersen (2003) gives a comprehensive review outlining the history of PBPK modeling, emphasizes more recent applications of PBPK models in health risk assessment, and discusses the risk assessment perspective provided by modern uses of these modeling approaches. 

Tphis review outlines the current knowledge of the enzyme mutarotase " (aldose-l-epimerase) and evaluates the evidence that it may have evolved from an origin in primitive bacteria into an important transport system for sugars in higher organisms. 

A comprehensive review of directly coupled gas chromatography-atomic spectroscopy applications has been published [128]. This review list over 100 references classified according to the detection technique and is highly recommended. Another excellent review outlines the advances in interfacing and plasma detection [130]. A review of the gas chromatographic detection of selected trace elements (mercury, lead, tin, selenium, and arsenic) has been published. This article reviews the many different detection methods available including atomic emission techniques [131]. 

Abstract This review outlines inhomogeneous states which appear in antiferro-... 

This review outlines our approach to investigating the structure and dynamics of synthetic DNA s and their complexes with mutagens and antibiotics by high resolution NMR spectrosocpy in... 

This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds utilizing ruthenium catalysts. The first part is devoted to the synthesis of heterocycles via carbon-heteroatom bond formations. Heterocyclic frameworks are also constructed by ring closure of heteroatom-tethered acyclic molecules. The second part covers the ruthenium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond forming cyclizations yielding heterocycles. Other examples, in which ruthenium catalysis indirectly participates in heterocycle formation, are collected in the final section. Although a heterocyclic ring was formed without catalysis, ruthenium-catalyzed processes play pivotal roles in such examples. 

A 2004 review outlines the developments in computer-assisted structure elucidation (CASE) between 1999 and 2004.114 Elyashberg et al. have recently reviewed the current state-of-the-art in the field of CASE and structure... 

Several natural products, such as epothilones, discodermolide, and eleutherobin, were found to have a similar mechanism of action as paclitaxel. A recent review outlined many tubulin stabilization natural products and their analogs as anticancer... 

Studies on the chemistry of selenocarbonyl compounds have been increasingly reported din ing the past decade. Initially, the focus had been mainly on the development of new synthetic methods for the preparation of selenocarbonyl compoimds. The various achievements have allowed the evaluation of a wide range of applications. X-ray molecular structures of some derivatives have been disclosed. Selenocarbonyl compoimds that are relatively stable but still retain high reactivity have exhibited unique reactions. The present review outlines the characteristic features of selenocarbonyl compounds. Their syntheses and reactions are classified on the basis of reaction patterns rather than the substituents adjacent to selenocarbonyl group. Several types of metal complexes having selenocarbonyl groups are described as well. 

This review outlines current chromatographic methods utilized in the analysis of carbohydrates in biological systems and pharmaceutical products. 

This review outlines the design and characterization of very high-spin polyradicals. The rational, bottom-up design and characterization of polyarylmethyl polyradicals with increasing number of exchange coupled unpaired electron spins are described. 

Sanders and Huis in t Veld (1999), in their extensive review, outlined the following critical questions related to probiotics ... 

There is a large variety of analytical problems that require the separation of radioactive species by column liquid chromatography. This need arises, for instance, in activation analyses, the separation of fission products or the separation of radioactively labelled compounds. Examples of special importance come from the biosciences, where labelled molecules are used in research on metabolism. Whenever a sample contains radioactive species, it is possible to follow their elution from a separation column specifically by radiometric detection. This review outlines briefly the principles of radiometric detection and radiometric detectors, concentrating on problems that arise from the combination of separations by high-performance column liquid chromatography with radiometric detection. 

At that time, as now, the enantiomers of many chiral amines were obtained as natural products or by synthesis from naturally occurring amines, a-amino acids and alkaloids, while others were only prepared by introduction of an amino group by appropriate reactions into substances from the chiral pool carbohydrates, hydroxy acids, terpenes and alkaloids. In this connection, a recent review outlines the preparation of chiral aziridines from enantiomerically pure starting materials from natural or synthetic sources and the use of these aziridines in stereoselective transformations. Another report gives the use of the enantiomers of the a-amino acid esters for the asymmetric synthesis of nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. 

Self-assembly is often called upon to explain a variety of molecular processes, from the spontaneous assembly of discrete biological structures, through complex organic syntheses, to the design of new materials. This review outlines how these processes are classified, delineates the enthalpic and entropic factors that drive such phenomena, and discusses models developed to interpret the limiting factors involved in self-assembly. 

For many noncomplex, nonroutine jobs, it is sufficient if applying the concepts presented in the following pre-job planning and safety review outline results only from brief discussions by the people who are to do the work, it is sufficient to arrive at a go or no-go conclusion. If it became the accepted practice that the workers think through the job to be done, plan for the methods to be used, discuss the hazards and risks, and determine whether the risks are or are not acceptable, that would be a highly favorable accomplishment. Of course, if they conclude that the risks are not acceptable, help will be needed and a more thorough review and risk assessment will be necessary. 

To those who make audits or are responsible for their being made, I offer this self-review outline. It asks the questions that I believe should be resolved to make safety audits more effective. 

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