Integrated microsystems

Htaoka, Y., Notomi, T., Baba, Y., Integrated microsystem of isothermal amplification of DNA and electrophoresis on a microfabricated plastic chip for detection of specific gene and analysis of genetic materials. Micro Total Analysis Systems Proceedings pTAS 2002 Symposium, 6th Nara, Japan, Nov. 3-7, 2002, 215-216. 

The second example of integrated microsystems is for immunoassay [28,29, 47,48], Immunoassay is one of the most important analytical methods and is widely used in clinical diagnoses, environmental analyses, and biochemical studies because of its extremely high selectivity and sensitivity. Enzyme-linked immu-... 

Electrophoretic microfluidic chips feature a number of microreactor characteristics and have been used for conducting chemical and biochemical reactions in channels and microfabricated chambers, mixing reagents, microextraction and microdialysis, post- and preseparation derivatizations, etc. The most recent achievements are reviewed in Ref. 63 and other similar publications. These integrated microdevices perform PCR amplification, cell sorting, enzymatic assays, protein digestion, affinity-based assays, etc. In this section we describe such integrated microsystems and the most recent advances in this field. 

Razzacki SZ, Thwar PK, Yang M, Ugaz VM, and Bums MA. Integrated microsystems for controlled drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004 56 185-198. 

Jensen, K.F. Towards integrated microsystems for chemical synthesis. Micro Total Anal. Syst. 2002, Proceedings of the 6th pTAS 2002 Symposium, Nara, Japan, 2002, 642-645. 

Fig. 7.14 Images of a microchannel gas chromatograph developed by the Engineering Research Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems at the University of Michigan [190. ...

K. D. Wise, Wireless Integrated Microsystems Coming Revolution in the Gathering of Information, University of Michigan Center for Wireless Integrated Microsystems, Stanford University, January 13, 2004. 

Zafar Razzacki S, Thwar P, Yang M, Ugaz V, Bums M (2004) Integrated microsystems for controlled thug delivery. Adv Dmg Deliv Rev 56(2) 185-198... 

Keywords Continuous flow PCR DNA analysis DNA microarrays Genetic analysis Integrated microsystems Microcapillary electrophoresis Microfluidics Micro-PCR devices Solid-phase extraction... 

Keywords Integrated microsystems Isoelectric focusing Microfluidics Orthogonality Proteome Top-down and bottom-up analysis Two-dimensional electrophoresis... 

The ideal system would integrate all of the processing steps into a single platform to provide efficient and fast analysis of the sample with minimum need for operator intervention and sample handling. A view of such a system is shown in Fig. 5. As depicted in Fig. 5, an integrated microsystem would be comprised of several different processing steps (i.e., devices) including ... 

Microfluidic systems, lab-on-a-chip systems, or micro total analysis systems (pTAS) allow the miniaturization of various functional units, such as pumps, valves, and reactors, and make it possible to build novel integrated microsystems for various biological applications. These systems have been well recognized as a possible enabling technology that may play important roles in biology in the future. This observation is supported by the efforts that have been made to buUd functional microsystems for various studies of cells, including studies of apoptosis. 

Macroporous silicon technology found its principal application in integrated microsystems as sacrificial layer multilayered and suspended structures, such as bridges, membranes, and cantilevers, often require fabrication, almost always by isotropic etching and removing, by alkaline-based... 

Gerlach, T. Enke, D. Frank, Th. Hutschenreuther, L. Schacht, H.-J. and Schuler, R. Towards an integrated microsystem for the automatic adjustment of mono-mode optical waveguides. Workshop MicroMechanics Europe MME 96, Barcelona (21-22 Oct. 1996)... 

Figure 2. Microvalve and pressure tank. Hydraulic circuit of the integrated microsystem.

One of the ultimate objectives in the field of miniaturization field is the development of integrated microsystems wherein the entire analytical process can be performed. Here, it is important to mention the development of nanosensors based, for example, on the use of nanoelectrodes in electrochemical transduction systems, which allow integration of the detection system at the nanoscale level. Thus, the design of miniaturized analytical systems at the nanoscale level should take into account the following issues as compared to the macro-world (Rios et al., 2009 Mawatari et al., 2012) ... 

Huang, Y., Liu, Y, Hassler, B.L., et al., 2013. A protein-based electrochemical biosensor array platform for integrated microsystems. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 7, 43-51. 

Huang, Y, Liu, Y, Hassler, B. L., Worden, R. M., and Mason, A. J. 2013. A protein-based electrochemical biosensor array platform for integrated microsystems. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst. 7 43-51. Martin, S. M., Gebara, F. H., Larivee, B. J., and Brown, R. B. 2005. A CMOS-integrated microinstrument for trace detection of heavy metals. IEEE J. Solid-State Circ. 40 2777-2786. 

Wise, K.D., 2009. Wireless integrated microsystems wearable and implantable devices for improved health care. In Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, pp. 1-8. 

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