Interactions with Materials

M. Dowsett and A. Adriaens, Role of SIMS in cultural heritage studies, Nuclear Instruments Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 226, 38 52(2004). 

A large number of radionuclides are produced continuously in the upper atmosphere through various interactions between gases and cosmic radiation [9,10]. Some of these radionuclides are produced also in the soil and bodies of surface water by cosmic radiation that penetrates the earth s atmosphere to interact with materials at the surface of the earth. Radionuclides which are of hydrologic interest and which are also produced primarily in the atmosphere (prior to 1945) are listed in Table 1. 

Expressed in its simplest form, high energy Ionising radiation Interacts with materials to produce ionisation and excitation (In almost equal amounts) and lattice defects. (1 ) The resulting species can further react to give free radicals,... 

Radiolysis v. Photolysis. The fundamental differences between the early interaction with materials of high energy ionising radiation and that of ultraviolet light have been pointed out above. Nevertheless, they can often lead to the production of the same radicals. Thus advances in one field can crossfertilise advances in the other. There are, however, few examples of the same polymer being studied under both types of radiation (63). 

Figure 1. Principles of plasma interaction with material. The Ar ions hit polymer surface and create a collision cascade in the surface layer by which a number of atoms are set in movement. As a result ionization of atoms and molecular bond cleavage take place and some of liberated atoms are ejected (sputtering process) [6].

Figure 2.37 Relationship between the biological interactiveness and the critical surface tension of a biomaterial. Reprinted, by permission, from J. M. Schakenraad, Cells Their Surfaces and Interactions with Materials, in Biomaterials Science An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, B. D. Ratner, A. S. Hoffman, F. J. Schoen, and J. E. Lemons, p. 146. Copyright 1996 by Academic Press.

Demortier G (1991) Review of the recent applications of high energy microprobes in art and archaeology. Nucl Instrum Meth B, Beam interaction with materials and atoms 54 334-345. Geyh MA, Schleicher H (1990) Absolute Age Determination, Physical and Chemical Dating Methods and their Application. Springer, Berlin. 

If you have a particle or a field of some kind whose interaction with material objects varies with their constitution, the chances are that you will be able to fashion a microscope from the phenomenon. (John Maddox 1985)... 

Krcysa. G.. and R. Eckermann DECHEMA Corrosion HandbookCorrosive Agents and Their Interaction with Materials. Carboxylic Arid Esters. Drinking Water. Nitric Acid, John Wiley Sons. Inc.. New York. NY, 1992. 

In order to gain an understanding of how microwaves interact with materials, it is instructive to examine a simple case, i.e., that of a plane wave impinging upon... 

Though the original work is difficult to understand very good reviews about the van der Waals interaction between macroscopic bodies have appeared [114,120], In the macroscopic treatment the molecular polarizability and the ionization frequency are replaced by the static and frequency dependent dielectric permittivity. The Hamaker constant turns out to be the sum over many frequencies. The sum can be converted into an integral. For a material 1 interacting with material 2 across a medium 3, the non-retarded5 Hamaker constant is... 

Gill, T.E., Gillette, D.A., Niemeyer, T. and Winn, R.T. (2002) Elemental geochemistry of wind-erodible playa sediments, Owens Lake, California. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 189(1-4), 209-13. 

Specific domains of proteins (for example, those mentioned in the section Organic Phase ) adsorbed to biomaterial surfaces interact with select cell membrane receptors (Fig. 8) accessibility of adhesive domains (such as specific amino acid sequences) of select adsorbed proteins may either enhance or inhibit subsequent cell (such as osteoblast) attachment (Schakenraad, 1996). Several studies have provided evidence that properties (such as chemistry, charge, and topography) of biomaterial surfaces dictate select interactions (such as type, concentration, and conformation or bioactivity) of plasma proteins (Sinha and Tuan, 1996 Horbett, 1993 Horbett, 1996 Brunette, 1988 Davies, 1988 Luck et al., 1998 Curtis and Wilkinson, 1997). Albumin has been the protein of choice in protein-adsorption investigations because of availability, low cost (compared to other proteins contained in serum), and, most importantly, well-documented conformation or bioactive structure (Horbett, 1993) recently, however, a number of research groups have started to examine protein (such as fibronectin and vitronectin) interactions with material surfaces that are more pertinent to subsequent cell adhesion (Luck et al., 1998 Degasne et al., 1999 Dalton et al., 1995 Lopes et al., 1999). 

To specify the case of material A interacting with material B across medium m of thickness Z, write G(Z) relative to infinite separation in a subscripted form ... 

Nano-structured Metals Enhanced Optical Interactions with Materials. 163... 

D. E. Brinza, S. Y. Chung, T. K. Minton and R. H. Liang, Final Report on the NASA/JPL Evaluation of Oxygen Interactions with Materials — 3 (EOIM-3), NASA Contractor Report 198865, JPL Publication 94-31 (NASA, Pasadena, CA, 1994). 

Section 111 deals with nonreactive shock waves. The thread here is composed of three simple equations that describe the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy across the shock front. In this section we learn how to deal quantitatively with shock waves interacting with material interfaces and other shock waves. 

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