Fuels, emulsified

Under normal circumstances, refined fuels do not form emulsions with water. The fuel and water readily separate into two distinct phases, a lower water phase and an upper fuel or oil phase. However, when emulsifying agents mix with fuel, emulsification can result. Examples of common fuel emulsifying agents include any of the following ... 

In a dispersed system, it is possible to have both phases in existence at the same time. However, whenever fuels emulsify with water, water-in-oil emulsion typically forms. Agents which comprise the external phase of an emulsion are usually the most soluble in the bulk liquid in which the emulsion exists. 

HNO3 and oxidizer salt with the fuel emulsifier)... 

Fuel samples can be tested with these dip slides by first emulsifying the fuel and then sampling the emulsion with the dip slide. With the AFNOR Test NFM 07-070 1993, fuel emulsified in water (1 10) is tested for growth with a dipstick. This test detects only bacterial growth > 10 bacteria/L (Institute of Petroleum, 1996). 

Uses Corrosion inhibitor for gasoline and diesel fuels emulsifier, emulsion breaker, dispersant, textile softener and leather working agent Properties Liq. oil-sol., water-disp. 100% cone. 

Water-in-od emulsion explosives have been made as typified by a formulation containing 20% water, 12% oil, 2% microspheres, 1% emulsifier, and 65% ammonium nitrate. The micro droplets of an emulsion explosive offer the advantage of intimate contact between fuel and oxidizer, and tend to equal or outperform conventional water-based slurries. 

Ammonia from coal gasification has been used for fertilizer production at Sasol since the beginning of operations in 1955. In 1964 a dedicated coal-based ammonia synthesis plant was brought on stream. This plant has now been deactivated, and is being replaced with a new faciUty with three times the production capacity. Nitric acid is produced by oxidation and is converted with additional ammonia into ammonium nitrate fertilizers. The products are marketed either as a Hquid or in a soHd form known as Limestone Ammonium Nitrate. Also, two types of explosives are produced from ammonium nitrate. The first is a mixture of fuel oil and porous ammonium nitrate granules. The second type is produced by emulsifying small droplets of ammonium nitrate solution in oil. 

A stable cloud of water ia fuel usually means that a surfactant is present to form a stable water-ia-oil emulsion. Smaller droplets resist natural coalescence processes. A surfactant that is potent as an emulsifying agent is apt to disarm the coalescing filters, aHowiag excess water to be deUvered with fuel. 

With the increasing emphasis on energy conservation and environmental considerations, additives for fuels that can correct combustion-related problems have aroused considerable interest. Many commercial fuel additives are combinations of organometaHics, dispersants, emulsifiers, and carrier solvents. The organometaHic, often a metal soap, acts as a combustion catalyst, increasing efficiency with reduction of smoke, deposits, and corrosion. 

Orimulsion is a relatively new fuel that is available for the gasification process. Orimulsion is an emulsified fuel, a mixture of natural bitumen (referred to as Orinoco-oil), water (about 30%), and a small quantity of surface active agents. Abundant Orinoco-oil resei ves he under the ground in the northern part of Venezuela. 

The oil for an oil-base mud can be diesel oil, kerosene, fuel oil, selected crude oil, or mineral oil. There are several requirements for the oil (1) API gravity = 36° - 37°. (2) flash point = 180°F or above, (3) fire point = 200°F or above, and (4) aniline point = 140°F or above. Emulsifiers are more important in oil-base mud than in water-base mud because contamination on the drilling rig is very likely, and it is very detrimental to oil mud. Thinners, on the other hand, are far more important in water-base mud than in oil-base mud oil is dielectric, so there are no interparticle electric forces to be nullified. 

These are particularly applicable to burners firing the heavier grades of oil which contain long-chain molecules called asphaltines. The superheating of the water in the emulsified fuel droplet enhances atomization. The effect is to provide secondary atomization to the droplet as the steam is formed. 

It is not always necessary to demulsify the water, however, because when small quantities are present in fine droplet form, the water explodes at the burner firing point, improving atomization of the fuel and providing for more complete combustion. Consequently, a water-in-oil emulsifier may be used to deliberately retain the water as small, emulsified droplets. The overall effec-... 

Emulsified fatty acid soap, in fuel additives Emulsifiers 680... 

CW agents can be washed and rinsed away, dried up, sucked up by absorbent substances, or removed by heat treatment. Water, with or without additives of detergents, soda, soap, etc., can be used, as well as organic solvents such as fuel, paraffin and carburettor spirit. Emulsified solvents in water can be used to dissolve and wash-off CW agents from various contaminated surfaces. 

Development work was carried out with different collectors. At the end, N-( 1,2 dicar-boxy ethyl)-/ octadecil sulphosuccinamate emulsified with fuel oil in a ratio of 8 1 was the final collector. The flotation flowsheet is shown in Figure 21.2. The final tin flotation reagent scheme included collector R845 (Cytec) emulsified with fuel oil as a tin collector (890 g/t) H2S04 for pH control citric acid (200 g/t) andNa2SiF6 (450 g/t). 

The U.S. Air Force tested the effectiveness of ASH at treating emulsified oil, fuel, and grease, as well as aqueous, fihn-forming foam (AFFF) liquids. These contaminants are common in aircraft wash-rack wastewater and firefighting wastewater. Based on test results, the Air Force determined that ASH can treat contaminated wastewater at a cost of 0.40 to 1.10 per 1000 gal (D208219, p. 502). 

Naphthenic acids occur primarily in distillate and some heavy fuel fractions. Topically, caustic treatment effectively removes these compounds. However, even after caustic treatment, alkali salts of heavier naphthenic acids may still remain oil soluble. In fuel, these compounds can act as very effective emulsifying agents. Fuel haze and particulate contamination can be due to these acid salts. Caustic solutions of various strengths can be used to wash fuel. Usually 10 to 20 vol% of a 5% to 10% caustic wash solution is effective for most applications. 

Demulsifier Usually added to help prevent the fuel detergent additive from emulsifying with water emulsified detergents will not perform... 

JP-5 F-44 High-flash/high-freeze-point, kerosene-based Naval carrier aircraft fuel will not corrode copper and will not emulsify with salt water... 

As salts, these inhibitors can readily interact with water to form emulsions. The ability of the inhibitor to effectively prevent fuel system corrosion is lost. Once emulsified, corrosion inhibitors can initiate other problems such as filter plugging and sticking of moving parts. 

If water emulsifies with these detergents, the emulsion formed is usually heavier than the fuel and falls from solution as a gel-like emulsion. As a consequence, the fuel no longer contains the detergent and will not provide deposit control performance in the fuel. 

As an example, from the information in FIGURE 4-3, it can be determined that a distillate fuel at 75°F (23.9°C) can solubilize 50 ppm of water without appearing cloudy or hazy. At the same temperature, fuel containing 100 ppm of dispersed or emulsified water may appear hazy. 

Distillate fuel fractions can contain naphthenic acids, sulfonic acids, and other hydrophilic compounds. If these hydrophilic compounds are present as sodium salts due to caustic washing of fuel, they become powerful emulsifying agents. Also, heavy resinous compounds in fuel can act to stabilize existing emulsions. 

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