Stable water

Basic, forms a stable water-soluble dihydrochloride. Diazotization gives brown azodyes (Bismarck brown) owing to the coupling of the partially diazotized base with the excess of diamine. Is also used as an end component of many azo-dyes, readily coupling with one or two molecules of diazo compound. 

This product is sufficiently pure for the preparation of phenylacetic acid and its ethyl ester, but it contains some benzyl tso-cyanide and usually develops an appreciable colour on standing. The following procedure removes the iso-cyanide and gives a stable water-white compound. Shake the once-distilled benzyl cyanide vigorously for 5 minutes with an equal volume of warm (60°) 60 per cent, sulphuric acid (prepared by adding 55 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid to 100 ml. of water). Separate the benzyl cyanide, wash it with an equal volume of sa+urated sodium bicarbonate solution and then with an equal volume of half-saturated sodium chloride solution- Dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate and distil under reduced pressure. The loss in washing is very small (compare n-Butyl Cyanide, Section 111,113, in which concentrated hydrochloric acid is employed). 

Microemulsion Polymerization. Polyacrylamide microemulsions are low viscosity, non settling, clear, thermodynamically stable water-in-od emulsions with particle sizes less than about 100 nm (98—100). They were developed to try to overcome the inherent settling problems of the larger particle size, conventional inverse emulsion polyacrylamides. To achieve the smaller microemulsion particle size, increased surfactant levels are required, making this system more expensive than inverse emulsions. Acrylamide microemulsions form spontaneously when the correct combinations and types of oils, surfactants, and aqueous monomer solutions are combined. Consequendy, no homogenization is required. Polymerization of acrylamide microemulsions is conducted similarly to conventional acrylamide inverse emulsions. To date, polyacrylamide microemulsions have not been commercialized, although work has continued in an effort to exploit the unique features of this technology (100). 

The mono- and dialkan olamine titanates are water-soluble and slowly hydrolyze at pH 9.0. Loweting the pH iacreases the rate of hydrolysis, which is shown by the development of turbidity. Turbidity also occurs above pH 11. The tetrahydroxyalkylethylenediarnine titanate complexes form much more stable water solutions and can be used as dispersiag agents for aqueous Ti02 slurries (114). 

A stable cloud of water ia fuel usually means that a surfactant is present to form a stable water-ia-oil emulsion. Smaller droplets resist natural coalescence processes. A surfactant that is potent as an emulsifying agent is apt to disarm the coalescing filters, aHowiag excess water to be deUvered with fuel. 

CP can also be prepared by the reaction of cellulose with phosphoms oxychloride in pyridine (37) or ether in the presence of sodium hydroxide (38). For the most part these methods yield insoluble, cross-linked, CP with a low DS. A newer method based on reaction of cellulose with molten urea—H PO is claimed to give water soluble CP (39). The action of H PO and P2 5 cellulose in an alcohol diluent gives a stable, water-soluble CP with a high DS (>5% P) (40). These esters are dame resistant and have viscosities up to 6000 mPa-s(=cP) in 5 wt % solution. Cellulose dissolved in mixtures of DMF—N2O4 can be treated with PCl to give cellulose phosphite [37264-91-8] (41) containing 11.5% P and only 0.8% Cl. Cellulose phosphinate [67357-37-5] and cellulose phosphonate [37264-91 -8] h.a.ve been prepared (42). 

The acetyl chloride obtained is yellow in color, probably because of the presence of the sulfenyl chlorides mentioned above. The addition of cyclohexene will discharge the color (although a darker color develops later) and redistillation then yields a stable water-clear product. The yield of acetyl chloride varies from 60% to 85%, depending on the care with which liquids are transferred and the vapors are trapped. O he amount... 

Sulphones are colourless, very stable, water-soluble solids that are generally resistant to reduction. The most important sulphones are sulpholane (1) and sulpholene (2) ... 

The high temperature required to separate the two atoms of a molecule of HO shows that HQ is very stable. Again, we can explain the solubility of HO in water by saying H+(aq) and Cl (aq) must also be very stable. Water must interact strongly with these ions. 

Materials produced by crystalliferous bacilli which elicit a toxic response in susceptible insects may be separated into two types. The first type, the true toxins, include the crystalline protein inclusion body the parasporal body of Hannay (14)], a heat-stable, water-soluble exotoxin active against flies, a heat-stable, dialyzable water-soluble exotoxin, toxic to Lepidoptera on injection (23), and a heat-labile, water-soluble, filterable exotoxin, toxic toward larch sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera) which was reported by Smirnoff (31). 

A study by Environment Canada and the U.S. Minerals Management Service attempted to develop a standard test for emulsion breaking agents [586]. Nine types of shaker test methods were tried. Although the results are comparable with different tests, a stable water-in-oil emulsion must be used to yield reproducible results. Tests with unstable emulsions showed nonrepro-ducible and inconsistent results. 

Controlable acidity and hydrophobicity High activity Thermally stable Water resistant Thermally stable... 

Methods for reducing peak absorption of americium after inhalation or oral exposure have not been described. Topical applications of saline containing DTP A, tartaric acid, or citric acid (e.g., Schubert s solution) have been used to remove americium from the skin and wounds after accidental dermal exposures (Breitenstein 1983). These agents form stable, water soluble complexes with americium. 

Recently, water-tolerating Lewis acid has been used to catalyze various Diels-Alder reactions in aqueous media. An important aspect of the Diels-Alder reaction is the use of Lewis acids for the activation of the substrates. While most Lewis acids are decomposed or deactivated in water, Bosnich reported that [Ti(Cp )2(H20)2]2+ is an air-stable, water-tolerant Diels-Alder catalyst.35 A variety of different substrates were subjected to the conditions to give high yields and selectivity (Eq. 12.6). 

Many precursors for diazomethane generation are available [5], including the stable water soluble intermediate A-nitroso-3-methylaminosulfolane [6], Many of the explosions observed are attributed to uncontrolled or unsuitable conditions of contact between concentrated alkali and undiluted nitroso precursors [1],... 

As it was not known what kind of organic matter acts as the major ligand for chromium in seawater, Nakayama et al. [38] used ethylene diaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and 8-quinolinol-4-sulfuric acid to examine the collection and decomposition of organic chromium species, because these ligands form quite stable water-soluble complexes with chromium (III), although they are not actually present in seawater. Both of these chromium (III) chelates are stable in seawater at pH 8.1 and are hardly collected with either of the hydrated oxides. The organic chromium species were then decomposed to inorganic... 

Neurotoxin obtained from the Formosan cobra (Naja naja atra). It is a relatively heat stable, water soluble, crystalline solid. 

Since vanadium is tetrahedral in all these ions the number of bonds in the oligomerization process remain the same. The favorable enthalpy therefore emanates mainly from the stronger bonds in the stable water molecules that are condensed out. The net gain in enthalpy, for each linkage of two vanadates accompanied by the formation of a molecule of water is about 20 kJ/mol. 

M. Nedic, T. N. Wassermann, Z. Xue, P. Zielke, M. A. Suhm, Raman spectroscopic evidence for the most stable water/ethanol dimer and for the negative mixing energy in cold water/ethanol trimers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 5953 5956 (2008). 

Dimethylaminopropylamine (18) is useful for converting activated species into stable water-soluble products that allow their removal from an organic solution by extraction with aqueous acid. 

Specifically, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) reacts with polyvalent metal ions to result in the formation of a fairly stable water-soluble complex, or a chelate compound. 

The two most commonly used derivatization methods for exohedral functionalization are the nucleophilic cyclopropanation with malonates (Bingel, 1993) and the formation of fulleropyrrolidines (Maggini et al., 1993). Both of these protocols have been used extensively to produce water-soluble fullerenes for biomedical applications. Other stable water-soluble fullerene adducts have also been reported (Hirsch and Brettreich, 2005). Sections 3.2.2-3.2.5 will give a short overview on the state-of-the-art of water-soluble fullerene derivatives and outline some general trends for designing such molecular structures. 

H. Bundgaard, E. Falch, E. Jensen, A Novel Solution-Stable, Water-Soluble Prodrug Type for Drugs Containing a Hydroxyl or an NH-Acidic Group , J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 2503-2507. 

Alkali metal hydroxides form stable water solutions at all... 

A redox stable, water-soluble iron porphyrin has been used as a model ligninase. The reactions of lignin model compounds catalyzed by this biomimetic system were found to be dependent on pH and the solvent being used. 

When injected, it forms a stable water-soluble iron complex (ferrioxamine) that prevents the iron from entering into further chemical reactions and is readily excreted in the urine giving the urine a characteristic reddish colour. Some of it is also excreted in the faeces via the bile. It can also chelate aluminium and thus is useful in aluminium overload. It is primarily a chelator used in acute iron poisoning and chronic iron overload as in thalassemia patients needing multiple transfusions. 

The stabilities of the dihydrides of the Group 16 elements decrease considerably down the group, from ihe very stable water to H2Te, which is readily oxidized. 

Similarly low molecular weight (+,5000) copolymers containing 505 polyoxirane (l2> S] and B22, Table V) have the originality to generate both 0/W and W/0 stable water toluene emulsions (32 ) ... 

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