Aircraft carriers

There is finally another type of jet fuel somewhat heavier and less volatile than TRO, which allows safe storage on aircraft carriers. This is the TR5 or JP5. Among these products, TRO or Jet Al have the most widespread acceptance because they are used for almost all the world s civil aviation fleet. The information that follows will concern essentially TRO, and very rarely TR4. 

Commercial aviation utilizes low volatihty kerosene defined by a flash point minimum of 38 °C. The flammabiUty temperature has been invoked as a safety factor for handling fuels aboard aircraft carriers Navy JP-5 is a low volatihty kerosene of minimum flash point of 60 °C, similar to other Navy fuels. 

USS Enterprise, a nuclear powered aircraft carrier and the world s largest ship, is launched. It operates at speeds of 20 knots for distances of up to 400,000 miles. 

Thus began World War II. Not against Russia, for the evil Molotov-Ribbentrop pact had just been signed. Not against the "aircraft carrier of Russia," for already the Nazis had "defended" themselves to Prague. And not against France which had "invaded the Ruhr" in 1923. 

When the pilot is trying to land the aircraft, this type of performance is undesirable. An overshoot of position may mean the plane misses the deck of the aircraft carrier. Also during landing it is not important to have lightning-fast response to joystick commands. Therefore the pilot switches the control system into the landing mode which has lower performance but is more robust. 

For one reason or another, but always because of threatening human activities, Atlantic and western Indo-Pacific coral reefs are in poor condition, except the Lakshadweep archipelago, which has been banned from tourism. East Asian coral reefs are under stress by blast and cyanide fishing activities. Threatening constructions over the reefs were made during the last world war, and aircraft carriers and ships that sunk still pollute large areas, particularly in the Solomon archipelago. Plutonium remains from nuclear explosions at Johnston Atoll also make conditions unsuitable for life to exist. 

When released from a plane and the vanes complete 18 to 21 revolutions, the arming stem, secured to the vane nut by a safety (cotter) pin, becomes unthreaded from the plunger. After 100-ft of air travel the fuzes are armed and will function on impact. They are not to be used from aircraft carriers (Ref 51a, p 4-41)... 

Geoffrey Till, Adapting the aircraft carrier the British, American and Japanese case studies , in Williamson Murray and Alan R. Millett (eds.). Military Innovation in the Intermar Period (Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 191-226. 

Table 3.6. Major warships launched (or conversions to aircraft carriers begun), 1922-35 and 1936-40 ...

Capital ships Aircraft carriers Cruisers Destroyers... 

The war is generally seen as the twilight of the capital ship. Stephen Roskill, in his official history, concluded that the navy had not achieved a proper balance in 1939 between capital ships and aircraft carriers. However, no major navy abandoned the construction of capital ships before the war, and international comparison of capital ships and aircraft carriers launched between 1936 and 1945 (table 4.1) does not suggest that the Royal Navy was unusually conservative. The German navy s Z Plan of January 1939 aimed at having a fleet of six battleships and two battle-cruisers, but only two aircraft carriers, by 1944. In... 

Arms, economics and British strategy Table 4.1. Capital ships and aircraft carriers launched or converted, 1936-45... 

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