Fuels, common

The actual energy content of even dried biomass is typically in the range 14-17 GJ tonne" , this being roughly one-third that of oil and significantly less than natural gas (55 GJ t" ), the most calorific fuel commonly used. 

Key words Pipeline transport, fossil fuels, common carrier, LNG, crude oil, coal... 

The fuel commonly used for these devices is hydrogen, on account of its high chemical reactivity. Although natural gas would be a more convenient fuel, it is relatively inert and must therefore be first converted to hydrogen. This can be achieved by a process known as steam reforming ... 

It is very important to understand the fuel properties when OEC is involved in a high-temperature process since the characteristics of OEC are very different in terms of the reaction intensity, the equilibrium temperature, and flame patterns, as well as pollutant emissions. Therefore, the properties of the fuels commonly fired in different industries and some basic concepts applied to combustion of each fuel will be presented in this chapter. Understanding them will enable combustion engineers and scientists to optimize a process with a desirable flame and heat release pattern, low NOx, CO, and other pollutant emissions, and safe and stable operation with minimum requirement of maintenance. 

Butane (C4H10) is the fuel commonly found in plastic, disposable lighters. Butane is a covalent compound, but the molecules have no electrical charge, so the attraction between them is weak. In fact, if the butane were not held under pressure in the lighter, it would immediately boil away to a gas. 

Propane, C3Hg, is a fuel commonly used for cooking on gas grills and for heating in rural areas where natural gas is unavailable. Propane reacts with oxygen gas to produce heat and the products carbon dioxide and water. This combustion reaction is represented by the unbalanced equation... 

Instantaneous maps of the mixture fraction, temperature, and main combustion products (H2O, CO2, CO) are shown in Figure 7.4 for the n-heptane. N-heptane is a fuel commonly used in engines. Its cetane number is approximately 56, which is typical for diesel fuel, because its properties of ignition and combustion are similar to those of diesel fuel [7]. The n-heptane has received substantial interest because it is a major component of the primary reference fuel (PRF) in internal combustion engine studies [6] and is considered a surrogate for liquid hydrocarbon fuels used in many propulsion and power generation systems [8]. 

As in many other systems, the nature and the structure of the electrode material play an important role in the adsorption and electrooxidation of most organic fuels commonly used in DAFC. Many groups attempted to develop Pt-free electrocatalysts as anode materials for alcohol... 

The fuels commonly used for the burning of cement clinker are listed in Table 1. The values given in this table are averages. 

Slug - A lump of nuclear fuel commonly in the form of a short round bar or cylinder to be inserted into holes or channels in the active lattice of a reactor. Slugs commonly are encased in Jackets. At Hanford the Jackets are aluminum and the term slug is applied even to non-fuel pieces which are loaded into process tubes. 

Gas fuel commonly used is acetylene for most welding applications and materials, known as oxyacetylene welding. 

---