Specifications, fuel

European diesel fuel specifications (EN 590 Standard). Requirements for temperate climatic zones. 

For example, in the case of light Arabian crude (Table 8.16), the sulfur content of the heavy gasoline, a potential feedstock for a catalytic reforming unit, is of 0.036 weight per cent while the maximum permissible sulfur content for maintaining catalyst service life is 1 ppm. It is therefore necessary to plan for a desulfurization pretreatment unit. Likewise, the sulfur content of the gas oil cut is 1.39% while the finished diesel motor fuel specification has been set for a maximum limit of 0.2% and 0.05% in 1996 (French specifications). 

The sum of the downstream costs adds roughly 7.9 cents per Hter (300/gal) and the adjustment of the final cost for an amount of methanol fuel equivalent ia distance driven to an equal volume gasoline involves a multiplier ranging from 1.6 to 2.0, depending on fuel specification and the assumed efficiency for methanol light-duty vehicles as compared to gasoline vehicles. The California Advisory Board has undertaken such cost assessment (11). 

Oxidant Fuel Ratio oxidant/fuel Specific impulse, s... 

Fuel Specific gravity Bulk density, kg/m Moisture content, wt %... 

Fuel specifications from different sources may differ in test limits on sulfur, density, etc., but the same general categories are recognized worldwide kerosene-type vaporizing fuel, distillate (or gas ou ) for atomizing burners, and more viscous blends and residuals for commerce and heavy industry. Typical specifications are as follows. 

Equipment manufacturers and large-volume users often write fuel specifications to suit particiilar equipment, operating conditions, and economics. Nonstandard test procedures and restrictive test limits should be avoided they reduce the availability of fuel and increase its cost. 

Bunker-fuel specifications for merchant vessels are described by ASTM D 2069, Standard Specification for Marine Fuels. Deep draft vessels carry residual (e.g., No. 6 fuel oil) or distillate-residual blend for main propulsion, plus distillate for start-up, shutdown, maneuvering, deck engines, and diesel generators. Main-propulsion fuel is identified principally by its viscosity in centistokes at 373 K. Obsolete designations include those based on Redwood No. 1 seconds at 100°F (311 K) (e.g., "MD 1500 ) and the designations "Bunker A for No. 5 fuel oil and "Bunker B and "Bunker C for No. 6 fuel oil in the lower-and upper-viscosity ranges, respectively. 

Schwer-hSrigkeit, /. difficulty of hearing. -Industrie, /. heavy industry, -kraft, /. force of gravity, -kraftbeschleunigung, /. acceleration of gravity, -kraftfeld, n. gravitational field. -kraftstofF, m. heavy fuel, specif. Diesel... 

Table 1 summarizes some physical characteristics of hydrogen relevant to its use as a fuel. Specifically,... 

Siegmund, C. W. (1997). Marine Fuels Specifications, Testing, Purchase, and Use. ASTM Technical Professional Training Course Notes. West Conshocken, PA ASTM. 

Dishnct fuel-specific reaction chemistry is also seen in premixed flat flames of the four butanols. Figure 2.9 shows PIE curves for m/z = 72 (C4H8O). The species pool is quite different, with butanal present in the 1-butanol flame, 2-methyl propanal in the i-butanol flame, and 2-butanone in both the 2-butanol and the f-butanol... 

Refiners are obliged to comply with the specifications fixed by the government environmental agencies [41] and with the performance parameters required by the final users market. In Table 5, a comparison of the evolution of the regulated fuel specifications in US and Europe [42] is presented. 

The main drawback to all the developments described above is the lack of achieving a fuel quality as required by current specifications. Further work in this area will definitely be needed to achieve required fuel specifications. 

Szklo, A. and R. Schaeffer, Fuel specification, energy consumption and COz emission in oil refineries. Energy, 32,1075-1092,2007. 

Sensors/Detectors UL, CSA, NFPA Fuel specifications CGA. SAE, API, ASTM Weights/Measures NIST API, ASME Dispensers NFPA. SAE.CSA. UL, API Non-vehicle Dispensing CGA Codes for Built Environment ICC. NFPA. CGA, ASHRAE... 

The Sasol 1 facility is still in commercial operation. Over a period of more than 50 years, many changes in fuel specifications and opportunities in chemicals markets developed. In order to remain profitable, the operation of the Sasol 1 site changed considerably over this period. The three most important changes that took place were ... 

The transportation fuels produced and marketed (Table 18.9)40 met the South African fuel specifications of that time and included some coal-derived liquids (not shown in Figure 18.5). Although the refinery originally produced no jet fuel, it was demonstrated that the hydrogenated kerosene range oligomers from olefin oligomerization over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst met the requirements for jet fuel.38 (Semisynthetic jet fuel was approved in 1999 and fully synthetic jet fuel was approved in 2008 DEFSTAN 91-91/Issue 6). 

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