Fuels specific gravity

Fuel Specific gravity Bulk density, kg/m Moisture content, wt %... 

Flame Spread The speed at which a flame will cross the surface of a material, influenced by the physical form of the fuel, air supply, the moisture content of the fuel, specific gravity, size and form, the rate and period of heating, and die characteristics/nature of the heat source. A higher flame-spread critically affects the severity of the fire in a given period of time. 

Physical Properties. Physical properties of waste as fuels are defined in accordance with the specific materials under consideration. The greatest degree of definition exists for wood and related biofuels. The least degree of definition exists for MSW, related RDF products, and the broad array of ha2ardous wastes. Table 3 compares the physical property data of some representative combustible wastes with the traditional fossil fuel bituminous coal. The soHd organic wastes typically have specific gravities or bulk densities much lower than those associated with coal and lignite. 

Specific gravity is direcdy related to the bulk density of waste fuels prepared ia a variety of ways. Solid oven-dry (OD) wood, for example, has a typical bulk density of 48.1 kg/m (301b/ft ). In coarse hogged form, eg, <1.9-cm minor dimension, this bulk density declines to about24kg/m (151b/ft ). In pulverized form, at a particle size <0.16 cm, this bulk density declines to 16—19 kg/m (10—12 Ib/ft ). Similar relationships hold for municipal waste, agricultural wastes, and related fuels. 

Properties. The properties of the Hquid fuel oil produced by the SRC-II process are iafluenced by the particular processiag coafiguratioa. However, ia geaeral, it is an oil boiling between 177 and 487°C, having a specific gravity of 0.99—1.00, and a viscosity at 38°C of 40 SUs (123). Pipeline gas, propane and butane (LPG), and naphtha are also recovered from an SRC-II complex. 

The neutralized, alumina-free sodium chromate solution may be marketed as a solution of 40° Bh (specific gravity = 1.38), evaporated to dryness, or crystallized to give a technical grade of sodium chromate or sodium chromate tetrahydrate [1003-82-9] Na2Cr04 4H2O. If the fuel for the kilns contains sulfur, the product contains sodium sulfate as an impurity. This compound is isomorphous with sodium chromate and hence difficult to separate. High purity sodium chromate must be made from purified sodium dichromate. 

As an example, consider heavy fuel oil (CH15, specific gravity, 0.95) atomized to a surface mean particle diameter of d, burned with 20 percent excess air to produce coke-residue particles having the original drop diameter and suspended in combustion products at 1204°C (2200°F). The flame emissivity due to the particles along a path of L m will be, with d in micrometers. 

Specific gravity is the weight of the fuel in relation to water. This property is important in the design of centrifugal fuel washing systems. Sulfur content is important in connection with emission concerns and in connection with the alkali metals present in the ash. Sulfur reacting with alkali metals forms compounds that corrode by a process labeled sulfidation. 

Figure 12-6. Fuel blending for specific gravity reduction. Specific gravity heavy oil = 1.0. Specific gravity light oil =. 88.

The specific gravities (s.g.) of liquid chemicals vary widely, e.g. for the majority of hydrocarbon fuels s.g. <1.0 but for some natural oils and fats, chlorinated hydrocarbons, s.g. >1.0. Density is generally reduced by any increase in temperature. As a result ... 

Schwer-hSrigkeit, /. difficulty of hearing. -Industrie, /. heavy industry, -kraft, /. force of gravity, -kraftbeschleunigung, /. acceleration of gravity, -kraftfeld, n. gravitational field. -kraftstofF, m. heavy fuel, specif. Diesel... 

Diesel fuel makeup can represent various combinations of volatility, ignition quality, viscosity, sulfur level, specific gravity, and other characteristics. Various additives are used to impart special properties... 

Other important properties include Hash point, volatility, viscosity, specific gravity, cloud point, pour point, and smoke point. Most of these properties are related directly to the boiling range of the kerosene and are not independently variable. The flash point, an index of fire hazard, measures the readiness of a fuel to ignite when exposed to a flame. It is usually mandated by law or government regulation to be 120° or 130° F (48° or 72° C), Volatility, as measured... 

For the purpose of illustration, the viscosity and specific gravity of some typical liquids (including hazardous No. 4 fuel oil, vegetable oil, SAE-10 oil, glycerine, SAE-50 oil, SAE-70 oil) are listed in Table 18.10 for reference.89... 

For jet fuel the energy of explosion is 18,590 Btu/lb and the molecular weight is 160. 6-30. You have decided to purchase a 500-gal tank of liquid propane (C3H8) to heat your house during the winter. You are concerned about tank rupture and the possibility of a vapor cloud explosion of all the propane. How far away (in ft) must the tank be from the house to ensure that your house will receive only minor damage from an explosion The specific gravity of liquid propane is 0.500, and the energy of explosion for propane is 503.9 kcal/g-mol. 

Another test method (ASTM D4052) covers the determination of the density or specific gravity of viscous oil, such as residual fuel oil, that are liquids at test temperatures between 15 and 35°C (59 and 95°F). However, application of the method is restricted to liquids with vapor pressures below 600 mmHg and viscosity below 15,000 cSt at the temperature of test. In addition (and this is crucial for residual fuel oil), this test method should not be applied to samples so dark in color that the absence of air bubbles in the sample cell cannot be established with certainty. 

This value provides an indication of the potential heating value which can be provided by the residual fuel. The heat energy obtained per unit volume of fuel is greatest for fuels having a high specific gravity. 

As previously discussed, the coefficient of expansion/contraction for petroleum products is dependent upon specific gravity. As fuels cool, their volume will be reduced. 

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