Fuel equivalent water

Vapor Pressure—Equilibrium pressure exerted by vapors over a liquid at a given temperature [2.1, 2.3]. The Reid vapor pressure (RVP) is typically used to describe the vapor pressure of petroleum fuels without oxygenates at 100°F (ASTM Test Method D 323, Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products) [2.5]. The term true vapor pressure is often used to distinguish between vapor pressure and Reid vapor pressure. The Reid vapor pressure test involves saturating the fuel with water before testing and cannot be used for gasoline-alcohol blends or neat alcohol fuels a new procedure has been developed which does not use water and is called Dry Vapor Pressure Equivalent, or DVPE (see ASTM D 4814-95c under Additional Information section). 

Regeneration of Zeolon-900 Column. Zeolon-900 loaded with cesium-137, which had been adsorbed from fuel basin water, was used in batch-type and column experiments to determine if the cesium could be removed by regenerating with several different reagents. The equivalent of six column volumes of regeneration solution was used for a single contact in the batch experiments. Table V shows the effectiveness of the regenerants to remove cesium-137 from the Zeolon-900 in the order of their effectiveness. 

In most cases, Qf ei is calculated based on the lower heating value of fuel. G,- is quantified in different units according to specifications in the marketplace, namely, Btu/h for fuel, Ib/h for steam, and kWh for power. Thus, specific FE factors can be developed as follows based on this general definition of fuel equivalent. Energy are required for making boiler feed water (BFW), condensate and cooling water. The FE factors for these utilities will be discussed in Chapter 3. 

Flame Temperature. The adiabatic flame temperature, or theoretical flame temperature, is the maximum temperature attained by the products when the reaction goes to completion and the heat fiberated during the reaction is used to raise the temperature of the products. Flame temperatures, as a function of the equivalence ratio, are usually calculated from thermodynamic data when a fuel is burned adiabaticaHy with air. To calculate the adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) without dissociation, for lean to stoichiometric mixtures, complete combustion is assumed. This implies that the products of combustion contain only carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur dioxide. 

Hot corrosion is a rapid form of attack that is generally associated with alkali metal contaminants, such as sodium and potassium, reacting with sulfur in the fuel to form molten sulfates. The presence of only a few parts per million (ppm) of such contaminants in the fuel, or equivalent in the air, is sufficient to cause this corrosion. Sodium can be introduced in a number of ways, such as salt water in liquid fuel, through the turbine air inlet at sites near salt water or other contaminated areas, or as contaminants in water/steam injections. Besides the alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, other chemical elements can influence or cause corrosion on bucketing. Notable in this connection are vanadium, primarily found in crude and residual oils. 

Furnaces and boilers sold today must by law have annual fuel utilization efficiency of at least 78 to 80 percent. Gas water heaters operating this way as space heaters are equivalent to the efficiency of pre-1992 furnaces and boilers which had space heating efficiencies typically in the mid-60 percent range. However, the combined efficiency for space and... 

Field Tests. Recently we conducted a field test at a site contaminated with fuel oil. Our measurements were 0.0625 0.0212 mA for the well water and 0.0189 0.0119 mA for distilled water (showing errors of one standard deviation). From calibration curves, these numbers can be reported as equivalent to 50 ppb phenol or 34 ppb xylenes. Nine-month-old laboratory results (EPA method 624 and GC/FID) for this site indicated concentrations of 25 ppb for benzene, toluene, and xylenes combined and 100 ppb for fuel oil. The important result is the significant difference between the distilled-water and well-water measurements. We are very encouraged by these results and are planning future field tests. 

The explosion limits have been determined for liquid systems containing hydrogen peroxide, water and acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, ethanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, 2-propanol or propionaldehyde, under various types of initiation [1], In general, explosive behaviour is noted where the ratio of hydrogen peroxide to water is >1, and if the overall fuel-peroxide composition is stoicheiometric, the explosive power and sensitivity may be equivalent to those of glyceryl nitrate [2],... 

The basic fuel in a fusion reactor is deuterium, a heavy form of hydrogen found in water. One out of every 6,500 molecules of ordinary water contains deuterium. It costs about 10 cents to separate the deuterium from a gallon of ordinary water. One teaspoon of deuterium has the energy equivalent of 300 gallons of gasoline and 1,000 pounds of deuterium... 

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