Fuel equivalent

The sum of the downstream costs adds roughly 7.9 cents per Hter (300/gal) and the adjustment of the final cost for an amount of methanol fuel equivalent ia distance driven to an equal volume gasoline involves a multiplier ranging from 1.6 to 2.0, depending on fuel specification and the assumed efficiency for methanol light-duty vehicles as compared to gasoline vehicles. The California Advisory Board has undertaken such cost assessment (11). 

The use and effective costs of various energy alternatives are shown in Table 2. Use or internal costs include production, transportation, and distribution. Effective costs take into account the use costs estimated external costs, which include costs associated with damage to the environment caused by utili2ation of various fossil fuels and fuel utili2ation efficiencies, ie, the efficiency of converting fuels into mechanical, electrical, or thermal energy. The effective costs are expressed as /GJ of fossil fuel equivalent (15). The overall equation for the effective cost is... 

The energy consumed in a process or the energy intensity of a process is expressed by the term process fuel equivalent (PFE) which is defined as... 

Table 7.6 Material fuel equivalent (MFE) for production of secondary metals.

The vector is used to express the genes of the sox operon (soxA, soxB, and soxC) from the constitutive promoter and so, Rhodococcus, Gordona, and Nocardia may be transformed with this vector and used in BDS of fossil fuels. Equivalent patents GB0311395D, ITMI20021217. 

Table 6.1 Comparison of fossil and biomass derived fuel equivalents.

Biomass is built-up mainly out of the elements C, H and O, just like many of our current fuels and chemicals, although the C-H-O ratio differs significantly, as will be discussed later. The proof of principle for the conversion of biomass into single components or mixtures that can be blended with fossil fuels or that can replace fossil fuels has been delivered already. Table 6.1 lists fossil fuels that are in use today and their possible biomass derived fuel equivalents. 

Cetane Number—The cetane number (C.N.) of a fuel is the percentage by volume of normal cetane in a mixture of cetane and alpha-methylnaphthalene which matches the unknown fuel in ignition quality when compared with a standard diesel engine under specified conditions. The C.N. scale ranges from 0 to 100 C.N. for fuels equivalent in ignition quality to alpha-methylnaphthalene and cetane, respectively. For routine-testing, secondary reference fuels having cetane values of about 25 and 74 are blended in any desired proportion. 

A similar opportunity exists for the public utility industry in the potential of LBG and MBG. The reduced environmental impact of a coal gasification plant which produces a perfectly clean fuel equivalent to natural gas, compared to direct combustion of coal may allow increased use of coal in areas where increased pollutant emission is barred. As these PSD areas increase in number, the advantages of coal gasification become more apparent. The potential of more efficient combined cycle generation systems which can be used with coal-derived gases is an added factor for implementing coal gasification. 

Figure 3. Fluorescence spectra—sample injected in an ethylene-air flame upper figure, pyrene 8 mm downstream of injection point lower figure, fluoranthene 13 mm downstream of injection point fuel equivalence ratio of 1.7 fluorescenceanalyzing bandpass of 4 nm.

Four flat, disc-shaped laminar flow flames were probed and analyzed using standard microprobing techniques. The flames were composed primarily of CO, H2, 02> and Ar with small amounts of CH4 or natural gas added to simulate intermediate Btu gas mixtures. Gas compositions used in the probings are presented in Table 1. Flames A and B contained excess air, air/fuel equivalence ratio = 1.13 Flames C and D were slightly fuel rich, air/fuel equivalence ratio = 0.93. Each of the mixtures had a CO/H2/X (X = methane or natural gas) mole ratio of 1/1/0.22. 

The calculation of fossil fuel equivalents for electric energy was based on a generation efficiency of 34% (10,000 Btu of fossil fuel energy required to generate 1 kwh of electricity.)... 

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