Pressure through filter

Fission product containment CS Passive/ Active 1 containment leakage rate is mamtamed withm acceptable Imiits 2 Kidney filtration contams lodme and particulate activity 3 Secondary contamment at negauve pressure through filtered purge... 

Some additives have the ability to lower the pour point without lowering the cloud point. A number of laboratory scale flow tests have been developed to provide a better prediction of cold temperature operability. They include the cold filter plugging point (CFPP), used primarily in Europe, and the low temperature flow test (LTFT), used primarily in the United States. Both tests measure flow through filter materials under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure, etc, and are better predictors of cold temperature performance than either cloud or pour point for addithed fuels. 

Peroxides can be removed by refluxing with anhydrous SnCl2 or by passage under slight pressure through a column of activated alumina. Dried with anhydrous K2CO3 and CaS04, filtered and distd, or refluxed with, and distd from NaOH. 

Perchlorobutadiene [87-68-3] M 260.8, b 144.1"/100mm, 210-212"/760mm, d 1.683, n 1.5556. Washed with four or five 1/lOth volumes of MeOH (or until the yellow colour has been extracted), then stirred for 2h with H2SO4, washed with distilled water until neutral and filtered through a column of P2O5. Distd under reduced pressure through a packed column. [Rytner and Bauer J Am Chem Soc 82 298 I 960.]... 

In a 2-1. three-necked round-bottomed flask, fitted with an efficient sealed stirrer and a reflux condenser capped by a drying tube, are placed the dried anisyl chloride (Notes 2 and 3), 73.6 g. (1.5 moles) of finely powdered sodium cyanide, 10 g. of sodium iodide, and 500 ml. of dry acetone (Note 4). The heterogeneous reaction mixture is heated under reflux with -sngorous stirring for 16-20 hours, then cooled and filtered with suction. The solid on the filter is washed with 200 ml. of acetone and discarded (Note 5). The combined filtrates are distilled to remove the acetone. The residual oil is taken up in 300 ml. of benzene and washed with three 100-ml. portions of hot water. The benzene solution is dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate for about 15 minutes, and the solvent is removed by distillation at the reduced pressure of the water aspirator (Note 6). The residual -methoxyphenyl-acetonitrile is purified by distillation under reduced pressure through an 8-in. Vigreux column b.p. 94—97°/0.3 mm. 1.5285-1.5291. The yield is 109-119 g., or 74-81% based on anisyl alcohol (Notes 7 and 8). 

Dicyclopentadiene (50 g, 0.38 mole) is dissolved in 100 ml of anhydrous ether. Platinum oxide (0.25 g) is added, and the mixture is hydrogenated in a Parr apparatus at an initial pressure of 50 psi. Initially the reaction mixture becomes warm. The absorption of 2 mole equivalents of hydrogen takes 4-6 hours. The mixture is filtered by suction to remove the catalyst, and the filtrate is distilled at atmospheric pressure through a short fractionating column. 

A useful device to have installed in a stirred autoclave is a liquid sampling tube by which liquid samples are withdrawn under pressure through a filter attached to the lower end of the tube. This device is especially useful for analysis of reaction progress and supplements information obtained from pressure-drop determinations. It is much easier to improve a less than satisfactory yield, if it can be determined what is going wrong and when. For academically orientated persons, a study of the rise and decline of various reaction products, as a function of reaction parameters and catalyst, can be a fertile source of useful publications. 

The mixture was refluxed for 2.75 hours and the solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure to give a yellow oil. The oil was taken up in methanol (25 ml) and titrated to pH 10.9 with sodium hydroxide in methanol (N) using a pH meter. The precipitate was filtered off and the filtrate evaporated to a gum under reduced pressure. The gum was taken up in methanol (5 ml), filtered through filter paper and acetone (100 ml) was added to the filtrate. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with acetone and dried at 100°C/1 mm for 0,75 hour giving a pale yellow solid, prednisolone disodium phosphate (0.74 gram), which was completely soluble in water, according to U.S. Patent 2,936,313. 

The hardness test sometimes is performed on the mud as well as the mud filtrate. The mud hardness indicates the amount of calcium suspended in the mud as well as the calcium in solution. This test usually is made on gypsum-treated muds to indicate the amount of excess CaSO present in suspension. To perform the hardness test on mud, a small sample of mud is first diluted to 50 times its original volume with distilled water so that any undissolved calcium or magnesium compounds can go into solution. The mixture then is filtered through hardened filter paper to obtain a clear filtrate. The total hardness of this filtrate then is obtained using the same procedure used for the filtrate from the low-temperature low-pressure API filter press apparatus. 

The pressurized air goes to an air receiver for storage and then is processed for use by passing through filters, dryers and, in some cases, lubricators. This pressurized air is normally classified as instrument air when it is used in control systems. This air must be moisture and oil free to prevent the control devices from clogging up. 

A suspension of the oxime 27 (475 g, 1.70 mol) arid 5% Ru/ C ( 9g) in fvleOH (8 L) was warmed to 50 C and stirred in a closed, evacuated autoclave. Hydrogen was admitted and the pressure inside the autoclave was maintained at 40 psi while the temperature was increased to 68-74 C. The mixture was stirred for 19-24h, cooled and filtered through Filter Aid and the solid was washed with MeOH (2x4 L). The combined filtrate and washings were concentrated to 4 L under reduced pressure, MeCN (4 L) was added and the mixture was again concentrated to 4L and the cycle was repeated twice more. The MeCN solution was cooled to 10 C and benzenesulfonic acid (260 g, 1.64 mol) in MeCN (1.6L) was added, whereupon the benzenesulfonate of the amine 28 separated yield 579 g (80%). The free amine had mp 110-112 C. 

Water produced by reverse osmosis (RO) is forced by an osmohc pressure through a semi-permeable membrane which acts as a molecular filter. The difiusion of solubles dissolved in the water is impeded, and those with a molecular weight in excess of 250 do not difftise at all. The process, which is the reverse of the natural process of osmosis, thus removes microorganisms and their pyrogens. Post-RO contaminahon m occur if the plant after the membrane, the storage vessel or the distribuhon system is not kept Ifee Ifom microorganisms. 

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