Fruit , alcohols extracts

Eermentation is a form of food modification initially developed for preservation. The health-enhancing effects of fermented foods have a place in folk medicine. Several fermented foods have health benefits that exceed those of their parent foods and can be considered functional foods, broadly defined. These include red wine, yogurt, and tempeh. Red wine is a whole fruit alcohol extract that concentrates polyphenols found primarily in the seed and skin of the grape. Its consumption is associated with protection against heart disease, perhaps because red... 

Plant Material - The yellow heartwood was separated from the sapwood of JL, tullplfera and air dried before grinding. Other plant parts (leaf, stem bark, root bark, root, fruit, and flower) were collected, but alcoholic extracts showed no antimicrobial activity. 

Characterisation of the aromatic profile in commercial guava essence and fresh fruit puree extracted with solvent yielded a total of 51 components [29]. Commercial essence was shown to be rich in components with low molecular weight, especially alcohols, esters, and aldehydes, whereas in the fresh fruit puree terpenic hydrocarbons and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone were the most abundant components. 

In certain cases it is desirable to selectively remove a volatile solute from a solution that contains other, less volatile, solutes as well as the solvent. Some examples are the reduction of ethanol content from alcoholic beverages or from dilute alcoholic extracts of aromatic flavors and fragrances from plant sources such as fruits or flowers. Conventional pervaporation would facilitate removal of water from such mixtures while retaining ethanol and the higher molecular weight organics that comprise the characteristic aroma and flavor profile of the products of interest. On the other hand, membrane distillation or osmotic distillation cannot retain the volatile components at all. 

Extraction of fruits with CHCI3, was continued with C2H5OH. The alcoholic extract was dissolved in water, filtered, purified with Pb(OAc)2 and extracted with ethyl acetate. 

Fruits were extracted with alcohol, repeatedly chromatographed on AI2O3 and Si02... 

The Lethal Dose (LD50) of an alcoholic extract of hawthorn leaves and fruit called Crataegutt administered orally was 33.8 mL/kg in rats and 18.5 mL/kg in mice. This particular extract was manufactured by Schwabe and contained 2% or 10% oligomeric procyanidins. Death occurred after approx 30 minutes and was caused by sedation and apnea (19). 

The amount of V. agnus-castus contained in oral tablets or capsules varies depending on whether the product contains crushed fruit or extract of the berry. For example, tablet or capsule formulations have included the following Chaste Berry 450 mg/Chase Berry Extract 50 mg, Chastetree fruit 500 mg, Chaste Berry Dried Extract 1.6-3.0 mg corresponding to 20 mg Vitex, Chaste Tree Berry Extract (0.5% agnuside) 225 mg. Commercial extract forms of chasteberry are usually standardized to contain 6% agnuside constituent (5,10). Chasteberry liquid extract may or may not contain alcohol. 

Liqueurs are alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content of approx. 15-20% by vol. and a sugar content of at least 10 g/100 ml and which can be flavoured with fruits, spices, extracts and other flavouring materials. 

Accordingly, a number of components have been isolated from the fhiit of Randia siamensis and their structures established. A preliminary study found that an alcohol extract of the fruit of R. siamensis caused a significant uterine contraction in vivo. Thus the major component isolated in this study was examined for its in vivo activity on blood pressure, heart rates and spontaneous uterine contractility. 

Some classical examples of application are the separation of azeotropique mixture [71], the isomeric mixture separation, the dehydration of organic mixtures, and fruit juice concentration, alcohol extraction from wines and beers, aroma extraction [72], etc. 

Documented effects Fruits are a rich source of polyvitamins. Oil from the fruits is used as an analgesic and to treat bums, frostbite, eczema, persistent wounds, as well as stomach and duodenal ulcers. The oil is used during radiation treatment for esophageal cancer (Tolmachev 1976). A study of the radioprotective action of a preparation of this species resulted in an 82 % survival rate in mice that received the treatment compared to no survival in irradiated control (Goel et al. 2002). Alcoholic extracts of leaves and fruits of sea buckthorn were found to inhibit chromium-induced free radical production, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation, and restored the anti-oxidant stams to that of control cells. These extracts also were able to arrest the chromium-induced inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation (Geetha et al. 2002). Flavonoids isolated from the plant are reported to have antioxidant, anti-ulcerogenic, and hepato-protective properties (Yue et al. 2004). 

Documented effects The underground parts have slight antitumor activity. An infusion and alcohol extract are used to treat pellagra and dyspepsia. Fruits are used to treat dyspepsia in children (Belodubrovskaya et al. 2002). 

Documented effects Fruits and seeds have antibacterial properties. An alcohol extract and fatty oil are used to treat paratyphoid fever (Aitbaeva 1972). 

Red peppers, or the matured fruits of its several varieties, are used as a spice or as a raw material for a spice, such as Shichimi-Togarashi (seven kinds of spices including red pepper) and Ra-yu (its hot oil), in many systems of cooking. It is also used as a hot-taste stomachic salve in Chinese herbal medicine, and the alcoholic extract of red pepper is mixed in a rubefacient. 

From the wine red alcohol extracts of mature fruit bodies of Corti-narius rufoolivaceus the naphthoquinones (276) and (277) have been isolated 250). Young sporophores of this fungus are not highly pigmented and appear to contain these and other quinones (see Section 3.5.3) as their leuco derivatives. 

Fig. 191. Distinction of Umbelliferae drugs through TLC. Alcoholic extracts chromatographed with solvent V (Table 166) on a silica gel layer. Photographed in long-wave UV light without using any spray reagent 1 fruit of Ammi majus L., 2 Ammi visnaga L., 3 Radix Angelicae 4 Rhizoma Imperatoriae 5 Radix Levistici 6 Radix Pimpinellae [203]...

Liqueurs are alcohohc beverages with at least 15% (advocaat 14%) hy volume alcohol and at least 150 g/1 of sugar (expressed as invert sugar) and flavored with fruit, spices, extracts or essences. 

Carotenoid pigments were extracted by chloroform-acetone-isopropyl alcohol /2 l l/ after acetone extraction as described earlier. Lipids of different parts were extracted and their fatty acid composition were analysed by GLC. Tocopherols of different parts of the fruits were extracted, saponified and prepared for HPLC analysis according to Speek and co-workers. Organic acids were prepared by a method described previously. Following preparation the samples were redissolved in a minimal volume of the HPLC eluent. 

Traditional Medicine. The shrub is the source of the drug, vasaka, which is well known in the traditional medicine for bronchitis. The drug comprises fresh or dried leaves, mixed with stems or other aerial parts, and is employed as fresh juice, decoction, and infusion and in powder form also given as alcoholic extract, liquid extract, or syrup. The leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots are extensively used for treating cold, cough, whooping... 

Uses Antifbam for food and pharmaceutical industries, distillation of alcohol, extraction of sugar, feeding yeast beer yeast, confectionery mfg., fruit processing Properties Yellowish Iiq. weak odor not misc. in water dens. 0.93-0.96 vise. 235 mPa S min, vapor pressure 100 mbar max. b.p. 190 C setting pt. = 3 C flash pt. 200 C ignition pt, 400 C pH 5-6 (1% in water) iodine no. 73-83 sapon. no. 154-162 peroxide no, 6 max, acid no. 2 max. 

The term fermentation was obtained from the Latin verb fervere which describes the action of yeast or malt on sugar or fruit extracts and grain. The boiling is due to the production of carbon dioxide bubbles from the aqueous phase under the anaerobic catabolism of carbohydrates in the fermentation media. The art of fermentation is defined as the chemical transformation of organic compounds with the aid of enzymes. The ability of yeast to make alcohol was known to the Babylonians and Sumerians before 6000 bc. The Egyptians discovered the generation of carbon dioxide by brewer s yeast in the preparation... 

The family Hamamelidaceae consists of 26 genera and about 100 species of shrubs or tress known to contain tannins and iridoids. The leaves are alternate, simple, and often palmately lobed. The flowers are small and appear in spikes. The fruits are woody, capsular, and scepticidal. In Western medicine, the dried leaves of Hamamelis virginiana (hamamelis, British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1963), yielding not less that 20% of alcohol (45%)-soluble extractive, have been used as astringents for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Hamamelis water (British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1969) made from the stems has been used as a cooling application to sprains and bruises and as a styptic remedy. It is also used in cosmetics and as active ingredient of eye lotions. 

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