Pinus echinata

R. J. Norby, E. G. O Neill, W. G. Hood, and R. J. Luxmoore, Carbon allocation, root exudation and mycorrhizal colonisation of Pinus echinata seedlings grown under COj enrichment. Tree Physiology. L203 (1987). 

Shortleaf pine, Pinus echinata Missouri, leaf distance from smelter, km ... 

Mitchell, R.J., H.E. Garrett, G.S. Cox, A. Atalay, and R.K. Dixon. 1987. Boron fertilization, ecotomycorrhizal colonization, and growth of Pinus echinata seedlings. Canad. Jour. For. Res. 17 1153-1156. 

Pinus echinata LM Periderm structurally weakest point in bark 293, 294... 

All these results indicate that about 90% of the damages to maritime pines after the low temperatures of January 1985 can be attributed to exogenous pines with lower frost hardiness. This infraspecific response is consistent with the previous data of Bonneau et al. (1967) emphasizing the greater susceptibility of northwestern iberian pines to low temperatures. Similar results have been obtained with other Conifers, e.g. Pinus sylvestris (Eiche and Anderson, 197 ), Pinus contorta (Rehfeldt, 1980), Pinus strobus (Maronek and Flint, 197 ), Pinus echinata compared to Pinus taeda (Minckler, 1951). The heritability of frost hardiness was demonstrated for Pinus sylvestris (Norell et al., 1986), for Pinus pinaster (Tessier, 1986), and for other coniferous species. 

Discussing sap-stain on soft woods, Boyce says, Certain species are peculiarly susceptible to sap-stain. This is due both to toe character of toe wood and to the climatic conditions of the region where toe species growB. Western white pine, Bpruce, raid southern yellow pine, toe last-named wood including longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.), and loblolly pine (P. tmda Linn.), are very subject to sap-stain, especially blue-stain, while true fir and cedar are not so easily affected. Douglas fir occupies an intermediate position. 

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